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A group of scientists 21
published a study in the journal Nature.

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Warming,
resource destruction

3
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and overpopulation
lead us to a tipping point.

4
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The biology of the Earth
will experience a revolution

5
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at least as radical

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<i>that during the last glaciation,
11,000 years ago.</i>

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Will we
a mass extinction

8
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similar to those which,
in the distant past,

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have eradicated most species
in a geological nod?

10
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3 years ago, Cyril came to talk to me about that study

11
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while i was still pregnant

12
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it was saying that my son would grow
in a world, where water, food, oil

13
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will be dramatically lacking

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entire cities could be swallowed by oceans

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it was suggesting that a part of the humanity could
disappear before the end of the century

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Back then, i was directing a NGO

17
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and i had never seen a so scary study

18
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But still, we were only a few thousand people
to manifest in the street

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No one seemed to react amongst the politic leaders

20
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So we decided to get together with a crew of friends
who were working in the film industry

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We told them about the content of the study

22
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Almost all of them had children, but not
all of us were ecological or activists

23
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but no one wanted to stand idly by

24
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we all wanted to do something about it

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coordinators of the study published
in the review Nature, in June 2012

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We do not realize:

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the upheavals affecting
the world today

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take place at a speed

29
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and a magnitude never seen.

30
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We cause the extinction
of animal and plant species

31
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to an unprecedented pace

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since an asteroid
wiped out the dinosaurs.

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It goes very fast
and it is we who are doing this.

34
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The last time temperatures

35
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have reached the level that we
will know in a few decades,

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it was there 14 million years,

37
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long before the appearance of humans.

38
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Our species has never lived so
under temperatures

39
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we might know
in our lifetime.

40
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The global population is growing
at such a rate

41
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it has tripled
during my existence.

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This is unheard !

43
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These persons
we add to the planet

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need more food

45
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at the same time
we devastate biodiversity.

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Can be accommodated
if change is slow,

47
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but when it's so sudden,
so unexpected,

48
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then the problems begin.

49
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And it is in this world
we live today.

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What will most likely happen

51
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due to limited resources,

52
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particulary water,

53
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which is one of the crucial problems

54
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is that people will feel cornered and migrate.

55
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In move, they will come into contact

56
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with less poor and this will create

57
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animosity between individuals
from different parts of the world.

58
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So the war, violence ...

59
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We do not have much time...

60
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20 years maybe

61
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to take the right direction.

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This is THE critical time for humanity.

63
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How to tell all what we have heard to people already
fed up to be anxious about catastrophes

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and how to make a great number of people to go into action

65
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We went to pay a visit in south of England

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to Rob Hopkins, the founder of the movement of transition

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He was one of the only person i could think of
who could help us find another way to consider the issue

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and another way to take action

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It's fascinating as our species

70
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is gifted

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 to imagine its own extinction,

72
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 its own demise.

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We make films where we are
exterminated by zombies,

74
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atomic bombs, disease,
robots, aliens,

75
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funny little Gremlins ...
all kinds of stuff.

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We love it.

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But where are the movies that show
how to do things differently

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and solve the problem?

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There are not, we do not know them.

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When scientists tell us:

81
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"If you want to maintain the biosphere

82
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"Within the limits allowed
the appearance of civilizations,

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"All that we associate with our history,

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"We must first reduce our emissions by 8, 9, 10% per year."

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We do not have stories that tell that.

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We see this as a loss, degradation.

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If you say:
"How it will be in 20 years

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"If we start to reduce
our emissions? "

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Many already think in ice caves,

90
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to eat rotten potatoes.

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It's the end of the world...

92
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Exactly.
But it could be fantastic!

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So we travelled all over the world
to find men and women who offer solutions

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to all those problems

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we wanted to put those solutions all together,
like a puzzle, in order to tell another story

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that would make us feel like building another world

97
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and soon we realized we had
to start this story by the beginning :

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how to feed ourselves

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differently!

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Because according to most of the experts,
it's by the food that civilization can collapse

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and where our economic and industrial
model have already collapsed

102
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like in Detroit, USA
or in Todmorden, England

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it's through the food that people started
to invent a different story

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to live better but also to be able to survive to those shocks

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Between 1960 and today, Detroit saw its population
decreased from 2 millions to 700 000 residents

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the city was a kind of industrial monoculture

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with the majority of jobs in the automotive industry.

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When the sector shut down, all the jobs went away
and a good part of the residents with it.

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Beside the fact that so many buildings were abandonned,
it was almost impossible finding fresh food.

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So the people who hasn't left Detroit
- mostly the poorest people -

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rolled up their sleeves and decided to grow their own food.

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Looks a butterfly ...

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It'll be the best.

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Someone wants him?

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With double ration of garlic.

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Someone else ?

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We gave the daring mission

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to create an autonomous city with food,

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 where most of the fruits and vegetables consumed in the city

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has grown in Detroit by its inhabitants,
for its inhabitants.

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In 2050,

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the world will be very different.

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We will not have the oil and energy we have,

124
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we will not have the same access to water

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or arable land.

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Above all, the population:
9 billion people,

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70% live in cities.

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Food should push around people.

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All communities face challenges

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and if some have not yet experienced it,

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it is likely that it will happen to them.

132
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So...

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Why am I doing this ?
Because we must understand

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how to make it work here,

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rather than change of place
because there is no other place to go.

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There's a lot of romance
around urban agriculture.

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This is the new sexy thing, right?

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It is nothing new,

139
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but many see it

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but many see it as a new way to revive cities

141
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and that's exactly it.
The potential is huge.

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But this romanticism that surrounds it,

143
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 this is very far from the reality of
 the work that must be.

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That's why I sometimes say that urban farms,

145
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it looks great on a PowerPoint presentation.

146
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You find yourself here, it's hot,

147
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the sun hits you over, you get dirty.

148
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It's not easy,

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 provide an intense work.

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So, we must

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give ourselves the means to have courage.

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This is a sacred place for me.

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I come here...

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I work...

155
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Life is full of frustrations,

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problems that we must face.

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Here it is quiet and peaceful,

158
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I can make a connection with the earth,

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 get my hands dirty...

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Urban agriculture has great potential ...

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to feed city dwellers,

162
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but it will not replace rural agriculture.

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The two must go hand in hand.

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Urban, suburban and rural areas

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must all produce food.

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This is quite logical,

167
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 the majority of the world population

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is concentrated in urban areas,

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that food grows closer to where people live.

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And it is better for the environment.

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In the USA,

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food travels an average of 2400 km

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 from where it grows and where it is consumed.

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The ecological impact is phenomenal.

175
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There are 1600 urban farms in Detroit

176
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2400 hectares of unused land could still be cultivated

177
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The goal of the mouvement is to feed half of the population

178
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Let me help you...

179
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Y wrote what?

180
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Sage.

181
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It's good, Irah.

182
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Incredible Edible Food share

183
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should pick ...

184
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Me, me, me, me!

185
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There are nearly 7 years

186
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 I was at a conference on the state of the world resource

187
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depletion everything we already know.

188
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I thought :
I wait that long,

189
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but nobody does anything.

190
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Not ordinary people.

191
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They talk about economy,
but not what we let our kids.

192
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Then it came to me like that, in a flash:

193
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Why not start in our city?

194
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Here, in this café,
in our homes, in our streets ...

195
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Why not ?

196
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So Mary and I

197
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we created this movement.

198
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We do not say:
"Are we going to save the planet?"

199
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We just started where we were.

200
00:16:22,358 --> 00:16:24,028
And then what did you do?

201
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We held a meeting here:

202
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What future for your children?
What food?

203
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And 60 people came.

204
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- We were stunned!
- No one knew what to do.

205
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We were not ready!
We hoped to 5.

206
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Incredible Edible has been created,
the daughter of Mary found the name.

207
00:16:44,380 --> 00:16:46,340
We invented the idea of propaganda-gardens

208
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and roads in front of schools, buildings ...

209
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It was interesting, funny, alive,

210
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of simple things to change our lives.

211
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That's where we are:
food in the heart of the streets,

212
00:17:03,482 --> 00:17:05,692
before the doctor or at the station.

213
00:17:06,360 --> 00:17:09,490
What good these gardens, so nobody sees them?

214
00:17:09,655 --> 00:17:11,985
It takes where people speak:

215
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a busy street, which was used as dog toilet

216
00:17:17,329 --> 00:17:18,829
that nobody respected.

217
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We created

218
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a reason to talk through a plant.

219
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It's crazy, right?

220
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Strangers

221
00:17:27,965 --> 00:17:31,795
are in front of a massive and discuss.

222
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That's what we need for the future:

223
00:17:34,888 --> 00:17:36,928
connect with each other.

224
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I am convinced that the food

225
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and the conversation is the answer.

226
00:17:45,357 --> 00:17:47,357
Corn is slow this year.

227
00:17:47,568 --> 00:17:49,238
Our special maize police.

228
00:17:49,987 --> 00:17:51,907
He should be there, right?

229
00:17:52,406 --> 00:17:54,696
You should expect ...

230
00:17:56,493 --> 00:18:00,163
Do not tempt me !
One might even break a raspberry.

231
00:18:00,581 --> 00:18:04,541
People take their foot to
gather outside the police station.

232
00:18:05,210 --> 00:18:07,710
Free, without permission.

233
00:18:11,467 --> 00:18:12,677
What did you think

234
00:18:12,843 --> 00:18:14,973
seeing these people appropriate the space

235
00:18:15,137 --> 00:18:16,807
and plant these vegetables?

236
00:18:16,972 --> 00:18:20,562
A mixture of confusion, fear ...

237
00:18:20,726 --> 00:18:23,806
Who are these people ? Where do they come from?

238
00:18:23,979 --> 00:18:26,939
What are they doing on our land, not theirs!

239
00:18:27,524 --> 00:18:30,824
We were very bureaucrats:

240
00:18:30,986 --> 00:18:34,156
where forms are, the project, insurance?

241
00:18:34,907 --> 00:18:39,787
The usual inhibitions official structures.

242
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It took this dialogue ...

243
00:18:43,207 --> 00:18:46,707
Pam, Mary, Estelle, another, Nick ...

244
00:18:46,877 --> 00:18:50,547
Talking to them, we saw that they were sincere,

245
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they had a purpose.

246
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Not just plant a street corner,

247
00:18:54,676 --> 00:18:59,806
but changing the way people
get involved where they live,

248
00:18:59,973 --> 00:19:03,233
learn, create networks of entrepreneurs,

249
00:19:03,393 --> 00:19:05,153
regain control,

250
00:19:05,312 --> 00:19:08,192
because people have the power.

251
00:19:08,357 --> 00:19:12,067
Local governments have less and less money,

252
00:19:12,402 --> 00:19:13,742
it is a solution!

253
00:19:17,572 --> 00:19:24,439
Since 2013, the Calderdale district made available
for its 200 000 residents all the vacant lots for food growing

254
00:19:24,524 --> 00:19:26,472
Like recommended Malik,
when we were in Detroit,

255
00:19:26,572 --> 00:19:31,579
the residents of Todmorden decided to not only
producing in town, but to use again the country nearby.

256
00:19:32,480 --> 00:19:38,433
10 minutes away from the center, we met Nick Green,
head gardener of Todmorden, in his "incredible farm".

257
00:19:38,517 --> 00:19:40,256
Nick has a biochemistry doctoral degree

258
00:19:40,508 --> 00:19:43,044
he's now a true especialist in agroecology.

259
00:19:43,450 --> 00:19:46,370
When Incredible Edibles began

260
00:19:46,436 --> 00:19:48,266
no one knew where we were going:

261
00:19:48,647 --> 00:19:51,857
We said:
planting, we'll see.

262
00:19:53,193 --> 00:19:54,613
After 3 or 4 years,

263
00:19:54,820 --> 00:19:57,450
we got seriously set:

264
00:19:57,614 --> 00:20:00,704
youth training,
food production.

265
00:20:01,159 --> 00:20:03,409
We produce half a ton per year

266
00:20:03,579 --> 00:20:07,619
on 300 square meters of vegetable trays.

267
00:20:09,376 --> 00:20:11,916
On one hectare, this is 14 tonnes,

268
00:20:12,087 --> 00:20:13,417
 is a lot of food.

269
00:20:22,014 --> 00:20:25,144
She is better, his leg gets better.

270
00:20:28,729 --> 00:20:33,149
Currently, the world is fed by small farmers,

271
00:20:33,525 --> 00:20:36,565
 with small farms

272
00:20:36,904 --> 00:20:40,244
that produce most of world food.

273
00:20:40,741 --> 00:20:44,541
Industrial farms provide a fraction.

274
00:20:44,703 --> 00:20:46,463
In terms of production,

275
00:20:46,622 --> 00:20:49,372
 manufacturers are totally ineffective.

276
00:20:49,708 --> 00:20:52,088
What they do well is money.

277
00:20:52,294 --> 00:20:54,504
What they do wrong is food.

278
00:20:54,922 --> 00:21:00,342
If you leave the land to the people,
they produce more.

279
00:21:00,844 --> 00:21:01,854
Rufus.

280
00:21:02,930 --> 00:21:03,850
One!

281
00:21:07,351 --> 00:21:08,481
Go ahead, ignore me.

282
00:21:13,023 --> 00:21:15,653
It just takes more work

283
00:21:15,817 --> 00:21:18,027
 should be an industrial operator,

284
00:21:18,570 --> 00:21:21,660
use fewer chemicals, and soil gives more.

285
00:21:25,827 --> 00:21:30,207
Industrial agriculture is not
the only way to feed the world.

286
00:21:30,582 --> 00:21:34,592
This is a story we are told and we finally believe?

287
00:21:35,253 --> 00:21:36,553
Its a story

288
00:21:36,713 --> 00:21:38,553
that the chemical industry,

289
00:21:38,715 --> 00:21:41,675
 agricultural equipment boxes and banks

290
00:21:41,843 --> 00:21:44,973
 need to tell their survival.

291
00:21:46,682 --> 00:21:49,522
This is not true.

292
00:21:49,685 --> 00:21:51,395
It's a lie.

293
00:21:51,947 --> 00:21:57,256
I wanted to answer a very simple question :
is the agroecology able to feed the world?

294
00:21:57,356 --> 00:21:58,823
and i created a report that i submitted to the Human Rights Council
of the UN, in March 2011, and my answer is clearly affirmative.

295
00:22:05,344 --> 00:22:11,478
70 or 75% of what is eaten in the world,
comes from small farmers.

296
00:22:11,854 --> 00:22:18,390
Big farmers are often able to produce large amount of food

297
00:22:18,660 --> 00:22:19,942
of agricultural raw material,

298
00:22:20,364 --> 00:22:23,473
only a part of this raw material will be used for feeding people,

299
00:22:23,957 --> 00:22:29,522
the rest will be used to feed cattle, or as biofuel.

300
00:22:32,179 --> 00:22:34,555
Because until now, as hundreds of experts are repeating,

301
00:22:34,655 --> 00:22:39,130
industrial agriculture doesn't know to produce food
without destroying nature and farmers.

302
00:22:40,320 --> 00:22:43,003
By simplifying everything, we replace humans by machines,

303
00:22:43,003 --> 00:22:46,253
we cut down forests to do monoculture crops
in gigantic fields

304
00:22:46,703 --> 00:22:49,153
and since the soil becomes ill,
the plants become ill

305
00:22:49,453 --> 00:22:51,779
and they are attacked by some insects
or some fungus

306
00:22:51,879 --> 00:22:57,305
so we spray pesticides, herbicides on them,
we plant GMO that make people and animals sick.

307
00:23:11,055 --> 00:23:13,781
and since we all want to eat meat,
we cram billions of animals,

308
00:23:13,881 --> 00:23:17,357
we cut down even more forests
to grow soya and mais to feed them,

309
00:23:18,127 --> 00:23:21,302
we drain water, and as a result,
we don't have enough space to feed people,

310
00:23:21,402 --> 00:23:25,028
and then we ship the food worldwilde,
that travel thousands of miles,

311
00:23:25,403 --> 00:23:27,703
and all of this contributes
to disrupting the climate

312
00:23:27,904 --> 00:23:29,604
we are doing things all backwards...

313
00:23:29,701 --> 00:23:33,581
How many farmers can be destroyed
before destroying agriculture?

314
00:23:33,747 --> 00:23:36,667
Those who control the agriculture produce nothing.

315
00:23:37,626 --> 00:23:40,376
Those who control food produce nothing.

316
00:23:40,545 --> 00:23:43,835
Coca-Cola produces nothing,
it is a situation rent.

317
00:23:44,132 --> 00:23:46,132
Monsanto does not produce seed.

318
00:23:46,635 --> 00:23:49,675
She lives of intellectual property rights.

319
00:23:49,930 --> 00:23:52,390
Cargill produces no vegetable.

320
00:23:52,557 --> 00:23:55,017
She buys and sells.

321
00:23:55,185 --> 00:23:57,645
If we continue to destroy this base,

322
00:23:57,813 --> 00:24:01,153
 destroying the ecological base where food grows

323
00:24:01,316 --> 00:24:04,526
and the social base that the product,
how to feed us?

324
00:24:05,080 --> 00:24:13,796
What the governments want? They want to maintain social peace,
making sure the households will spend the less possible amount for food,

325
00:24:13,896 --> 00:24:23,163
and for instance, in some European countries, households
consume like 13% of the family budget for food

326
00:24:23,514 --> 00:24:34,839
if tomorrow we had to charge the real price
of the food to households, by making them pay

327
00:24:35,208 --> 00:24:40,448
the costs of the social and environmental damage,
of the public health-care that result from the industrial agriculture,

328
00:24:40,719 --> 00:24:49,238
we would have to incruse the food budget up to 25
or 30%, and that would be a politically untenable situation.

329
00:24:49,485 --> 00:24:58,014
This is the reason why we keep on supporting
the most competitive farmers, who use a kind of

330
00:24:58,079 --> 00:25:03,895
harmful agriculture, for the environment, for health etc.
but who are satisfying the short terms expectations

331
00:25:04,270 --> 00:25:05,621
of the politics and of the general public.

332
00:25:19,260 --> 00:25:22,760
So we started looking for those small and
so productive farms Olivier told us about,

333
00:25:23,152 --> 00:25:25,827
to see with our own eyes if they were
really capable to feed the world.

334
00:25:27,276 --> 00:25:29,351
and we ended up in Bec Hellouin,
very close to our home,

335
00:25:30,001 --> 00:25:33,567
in a permaculture farm that was showing
an extraordinary productivity.

336
00:25:34,936 --> 00:25:40,875
Our dream was to create a big garden, using as few oil
as possible, or no oil at all if possible

337
00:25:42,626 --> 00:25:47,751
Currently, for one calorie in our plate,
we need 10 to 12 calorie of fossile oil...

338
00:25:48,230 --> 00:25:53,283
which is totally absurd, because we know that,
maybe tomorrow, or the day after that, oil will be

339
00:25:53,283 --> 00:25:56,574
much more scarce, and i think
we all want to continue eating.

340
00:25:56,887 --> 00:26:01,790
So we have to discover ways to feed ourselves
without involving oil. It's very important.

341
00:26:02,347 --> 00:26:07,606
So it's not at all a new country-dwellers whim,
to practice an entirely manual agriculture,

342
00:26:08,530 --> 00:26:11,372
it's a vital necessity for feeding the world of tomorrow.

343
00:26:13,510 --> 00:26:21,744
With this precision seeder, i can sow 6 lines of vegetables,
i come and go once and i sow 12 lines of them,

344
00:26:22,244 --> 00:26:24,243
when a tractor would sow just 3.

345
00:26:24,809 --> 00:26:29,521
and we even go beyond that, because we redo
what were doing the 19 century Parisian market gardeners,

346
00:26:29,840 --> 00:26:32,257
before the mechanization, we do mixed crops,

347
00:26:32,697 --> 00:26:36,413
so i sow 12 lines of carrots, and just after 12 lines of radishes,

348
00:26:36,788 --> 00:26:42,404
and then plant 2 lines of brussel sprouts.

349
00:26:42,755 --> 00:26:47,122
So in 30 inches wide, i have 24 lines
of vegetables and 2 lines of brussel sprouts.

350
00:26:47,610 --> 00:26:52,199
And that is one of the secret of productivity of this place,
with innovative tools, very simple and all manual,

351
00:26:52,471 --> 00:26:58,338
allow us to have a productivity, that would looks crazy
to a regular market gardener.

352
00:26:59,259 --> 00:27:01,675
"chickens chickens chickens...!"

353
00:27:04,926 --> 00:27:08,094
We have here an example of mixed crops :
basil under tomato plants.

354
00:27:08,686 --> 00:27:11,572
The tomato plant being a creeper,
it will get the light from above,

355
00:27:11,672 --> 00:27:14,917
basil has no problem at all with semi-shade,

356
00:27:15,475 --> 00:27:18,129
and both of them will be satisfied with quite little water.

357
00:27:18,497 --> 00:27:24,924
And since basil has a strong scent,
it's an inhibitor of unwanted bugs

358
00:27:25,330 --> 00:27:26,741
that could come and stick on the tomato plants.

359
00:27:26,986 --> 00:27:34,988
And besides, vine is making a kind of screen, it releases
an adventageous humidity for the vegetables below

360
00:27:35,334 --> 00:27:38,748
anyway, for this kind of summer we are having currently,
with quite some heat,

361
00:27:39,248 --> 00:27:42,004
and, last but not least, we have grapes!

362
00:27:42,466 --> 00:27:49,651
so, everything is producing, but the goal of each plant
is not only to produce, but also to play a role in this ecosystem.

363
00:27:50,298 --> 00:27:54,391
Everyone has more than one function, and
that's what's so great in this much-vaunted permaculture.

364
00:27:54,604 --> 00:28:00,581
To grow like this makes the intellectual challenge
far more important than when i was a jurist,

365
00:28:00,794 --> 00:28:03,021
and that i was doing very complicated stuff,
and even not in my native language,

366
00:28:03,441 --> 00:28:04,859
in many other languages...

367
00:28:05,101 --> 00:28:07,553
and now, i have to learn lots of different languages too,

368
00:28:07,847 --> 00:28:16,200
things i don't know, and i think it gives you a kind of confidence,
and a kind of power - maybe it's not the best way to say it -

369
00:28:16,846 --> 00:28:23,730
to be able to produce your own food,
it gives you such a feeling, like : i can survive!

370
00:28:25,217 --> 00:28:28,421
Here we are in the forest garden...
it's an imitation of the natural forest,

371
00:28:28,869 --> 00:28:30,654
except that all the plants are edible.

372
00:28:31,183 --> 00:28:37,622
And the great thing about it, is that it needs
like zero upkeep : no oil, no watering, no fertilizers.

373
00:28:37,898 --> 00:28:43,244
It produces an overabundance of good fruits,
and it's a little oasis of biodiversity,

374
00:28:43,484 --> 00:28:46,522
it captures carbon,
and it's completely autonomous

375
00:28:48,513 --> 00:28:51,237
In nature, there's no monoculture,
plants are always like partners,

376
00:28:51,685 --> 00:28:55,981
forests are hundreds of thousands years old,
and have always worked this way.

377
00:29:04,093 --> 00:29:06,438
Humanity feeds from around 20 species of plants,

378
00:29:06,644 --> 00:29:10,797
and 60% of our food is wheat, corn and rice based,

379
00:29:11,445 --> 00:29:12,838
which are all annual cereal,

380
00:29:13,097 --> 00:29:17,987
when in our long evolution, when we were
prehistoric people and wandering in nature,

381
00:29:18,697 --> 00:29:23,587
we were eating mainly fruits,
berries, leaves, roots, perrenial plants,

382
00:29:23,631 --> 00:29:25,633
our body is designed to eat this kind of food,

383
00:29:25,686 --> 00:29:28,105
more fruits, more berries, etc.

384
00:29:28,846 --> 00:29:37,420
so our diet based on cereals, meat, dairy products,
is not healthy and very harmful for the planet.

385
00:29:38,598 --> 00:29:41,101
So you created everything...
Yes, it was naked like the back of our hand...

386
00:29:41,310 --> 00:29:43,710
there were no tree, no pond, nothing,

387
00:29:43,998 --> 00:29:46,715
and the analysis of the soil were
showing a very low fertility level

388
00:29:47,145 --> 00:29:54,512
here we have pebbles cover by a bad type of soil.

389
00:29:54,512 --> 00:30:01,203
So in 8 years, we went from one hectar
of naked soil to this amazing luxuriance.

390
00:30:01,852 --> 00:30:04,618
We realized along the way that,
with our hands we could do things

391
00:30:04,618 --> 00:30:09,186
that the machines couldn't, and especially
taking care of the soil in a loving way.

392
00:30:09,633 --> 00:30:15,350
The soil is the foundation of agriculture,
so when it's very rich, very nurtured and healthy,

393
00:30:15,998 --> 00:30:17,700
inevitably we have excelent results.

394
00:30:17,740 --> 00:30:23,265
Secondly, it's about to densify more the crops,
and thirdly to mixed crops.

395
00:30:23,344 --> 00:30:31,932
If we put together these 3 things, we can reach
to produce more than 100 euros per square metter.

396
00:30:33,323 --> 00:30:43,174
What did you want to prove with this study?
We wanted to prove that with one hactar of crops,

397
00:30:43,514 --> 00:30:48,774
which is a small surface, will permit to create
a sustentable activity properly payed.

398
00:30:48,951 --> 00:30:55,231
And in the first year, we produced more than
32 000 euros of vegetables in 1000 square metters,

399
00:30:55,776 --> 00:30:56,652
even if it was a bad year,

400
00:30:57,294 --> 00:31:02,226
the following years we reached 39 000 euros,
and like 54 000 for this year, gaining confidence,

401
00:31:02,226 --> 00:31:04,087
and being bolder, seeing that it's working,

402
00:31:04,448 --> 00:31:10,490
so, these are the same turnovers as the ones of
our colleague who work on more than 1 hectare

403
00:31:11,021 --> 00:31:13,974
so it proves that if you work all manually
on a very small surface, you can produce

404
00:31:14,236 --> 00:31:17,530
as much as with a tractor working in
ten times the surface, more or less.

405
00:31:18,347 --> 00:31:25,301
And this gives hope... and lets imagine plenty of
very small farms, much more easy to create,

406
00:31:25,689 --> 00:31:30,408
and to accomodate everywhere, in cities,
in suburbs, and we can imagine now a society

407
00:31:30,729 --> 00:31:35,205
with real food security, besides the fact that
it's a deeply beautiful agriculture.

408
00:31:36,034 --> 00:31:41,490
Besides Charles and Perrine, one billion and a half
farmers grow without tractors and without oil.

409
00:31:41,957 --> 00:31:45,888
The study led by Olivier for the UN
in 68 countries, shows that

410
00:31:46,178 --> 00:31:49,211
when using agroecology, they could
multiply their productivity by two.

411
00:31:49,817 --> 00:31:53,771
And using permaculture, they certainly
could multiply them by 3 or 4.

412
00:31:55,122 --> 00:32:01,636
Since 70% of what we eat comes from what these
small farmers produce, we could - if eating no much meat -

413
00:32:01,803 --> 00:32:07,107
feed 10 to 12 billions people for the
20 next years. By creating millions

414
00:32:07,107 --> 00:32:13,314
of small farms all around cities, dozens of millions of jobs,
regenerating ecosystem, capturing CO2 in the ground,

415
00:32:13,314 --> 00:32:18,835
allowing small farmers making more money,
and producing healthier food for their communities.

416
00:32:20,832 --> 00:32:22,283
So... why aren't we doing it?

417
00:32:22,946 --> 00:32:28,318
Governments, scientifics are unanimous to recognize
that the current system is not working as it should,

418
00:32:28,359 --> 00:32:35,327
and is leading us to a dead end, but
alternatives are very slow to appear.

419
00:32:35,427 --> 00:32:38,775
Why is that? Why governments don't help them to emerge?

420
00:32:38,788 --> 00:32:47,799
The real advisers of the governments are the big corporations,
and they are at their service. And it's understandable,

421
00:32:48,142 --> 00:32:57,883
how could we reproach to a government to desire to open
exporting markets and favoring their own economic activities,

422
00:32:59,390 --> 00:33:06,294
the problem being it's contrary to
the democratic demand of the people.

423
00:33:07,447 --> 00:33:10,673
What are the companies that can
prevent agriculture to change?

424
00:33:10,947 --> 00:33:13,032
The ones that are earning the most money
with the system as it is currently...

425
00:33:13,135 --> 00:33:17,150
5 of the 6 richest companies in the world are oil companies.

426
00:33:17,250 --> 00:33:21,129
Oil is used to work with tractors, to make fertilizers, pesticides,

427
00:33:21,586 --> 00:33:24,603
so to work on huge fields, to send the food all over the world,

428
00:33:23,942 --> 00:33:31,757
and so, if we'd find a way to not use oil, we'd be
forced to use permaculture and agroecology?

429
00:33:32,673 --> 00:33:33,599
It's possible.

430
00:33:34,394 --> 00:33:36,076
And so, can we do it without oil?

431
00:33:39,560 --> 00:33:43,560
Our entire civilization is based on fossil fuels.

432
00:33:44,357 --> 00:33:46,777
Fertilizers, pesticides: fossil fuels.

433
00:33:46,943 --> 00:33:49,073
Construction materials :
fossil fuels.

434
00:33:49,237 --> 00:33:51,527
Pharmaceutical products :
fossil fuels.

435
00:33:51,698 --> 00:33:53,618
Synthetic fibers:
fossil fuels.

436
00:33:53,866 --> 00:33:55,406
Transportation, heat, light ...

437
00:33:55,785 --> 00:34:01,075
After two industrial revolutions,
the 19th and 20th centuries,

438
00:34:01,999 --> 00:34:04,589
 where we unearthed
fossil carbon layers

439
00:34:04,752 --> 00:34:08,012
to make our civilization,

440
00:34:08,214 --> 00:34:10,684
 the atmosphere is saturated with CO2.

441
00:34:10,842 --> 00:34:15,352
Methane and nitrous oxide trap heat from the sun to Earth.

442
00:34:16,431 --> 00:34:21,981
Change happens in real time,
I had underestimated the speed.

443
00:34:22,145 --> 00:34:26,355
Disruption of the climate is terrifying
because it changes the water cycle.

444
00:34:27,108 --> 00:34:28,988
That's the heart of the problem.

445
00:34:29,360 --> 00:34:32,160
On our blue planet,
everything depends on water.

446
00:34:32,321 --> 00:34:36,741
Each additional degree due to industry

447
00:34:36,909 --> 00:34:41,119
increased by 7% evaporation
in the air.

448
00:34:41,289 --> 00:34:42,579
It goes back,

449
00:34:42,749 --> 00:34:45,669
 rainfall is more concentrated.

450
00:34:45,835 --> 00:34:48,165
The whole water cycle is disrupted.

451
00:34:48,838 --> 00:34:50,758
More violent events.

452
00:34:50,923 --> 00:34:53,553
More blizzards in winter

453
00:34:53,718 --> 00:34:55,508
spring floods,

454
00:34:55,678 --> 00:34:57,258
droughts in summer,

455
00:34:57,555 --> 00:35:01,015
tsunamis, typhoons and
hurricanes Category 3, 4 and 5.

456
00:35:01,309 --> 00:35:06,269
Our ecosystems can not follow such an upheaval:

457
00:35:06,439 --> 00:35:09,399
they run out.

458
00:35:09,734 --> 00:35:12,784
Scientists tell us, in all the studies:

459
00:35:12,945 --> 00:35:16,365
We entered the sixth mass extinction.

460
00:35:16,532 --> 00:35:21,082
This is the biggest news
since our appearance on Earth.

461
00:35:21,496 --> 00:35:22,826
It is enormous.

462
00:35:22,997 --> 00:35:27,707
It happened that from 5 extinctions 450 million years,

463
00:35:27,960 --> 00:35:29,460
when life was scanned.

464
00:35:29,629 --> 00:35:32,969
And it's coming fast,
the chemistry of the planet rocker:

465
00:35:33,132 --> 00:35:34,182
mass extermination.

466
00:36:02,537 --> 00:36:06,787
We want to be the first carbon
neutral capital by 11 years.

467
00:36:07,371 --> 00:36:11,274
Our goal is to become energy independent for 2025 - 2030

468
00:36:12,797 --> 00:36:14,627
Iceland and Reykjavik,

469
00:36:14,799 --> 00:36:18,639
a fossil fuel free future is possible.

470
00:36:19,136 --> 00:36:21,346
Our goal is to achieve

471
00:36:21,514 --> 00:36:25,144
 a system of 100% local and renewable energy.

472
00:36:25,309 --> 00:36:29,269
Everything should be produced by the sun,
wind and water.

473
00:37:01,971 --> 00:37:05,431
We reduced emissions by more than 40%

474
00:37:05,600 --> 00:37:07,640
from 1995.

475
00:37:08,311 --> 00:37:12,231
This is a good rate, but there is still 60%

476
00:37:12,398 --> 00:37:14,568
 and it is the most difficult.

477
00:37:14,817 --> 00:37:17,817
We invested nearly a billion euros

478
00:37:17,987 --> 00:37:19,777
to build wind turbines

479
00:37:19,947 --> 00:37:23,077
and to rid us Coal and oil.

480
00:37:25,335 --> 00:37:30,243
Pushed by people and by political leaders,
the main companies of the country, like Dong Energy,

481
00:37:30,275 --> 00:37:34,202
convert their carbon factories into biomass factories.

482
00:37:35,226 --> 00:37:41,090
The Avdor company is one of the most efficient
in the world. It uses forestry waste and claw brought

483
00:37:41,090 --> 00:37:45,997
by the local farmers, to produce electricity for
1,3 milions of homes and heat for 200 000 homes

484
00:37:46,063 --> 00:37:48,079
of Copenahagen and nearby.

485
00:37:48,716 --> 00:37:52,674
And in front of the adjacent city beach,
city hall and thousands of residents,

486
00:37:53,026 --> 00:37:56,753
bought together wind turbines, to produce
their own renewable electricity.

487
00:37:57,693 --> 00:37:58,993
In Denmark today,

488
00:37:59,153 --> 00:38:03,573
about 20,000 people have shares in wind,

489
00:38:03,741 --> 00:38:06,541
that bring them 6 to 7%.

490
00:38:06,702 --> 00:38:08,292
This is better than the bank.

491
00:38:08,621 --> 00:38:11,371
Financial investments in wind

492
00:38:11,540 --> 00:38:14,420
 can bring in more than the drop in the bank?

493
00:38:14,585 --> 00:38:15,415
Much more.

494
00:38:17,361 --> 00:38:20,820
In 2025, Copenhagen will be completely
self-sufficient in terms of renewable energy.

495
00:38:21,235 --> 00:38:24,149
And for 2050, the goal is to achieve this for all denmark,

496
00:38:24,249 --> 00:38:30,573
from different sources: wind, biomass, sun,
energy from the sea, geothermal energy.

497
00:38:30,698 --> 00:38:33,123
And others regiones in the world
are already following the same path.

498
00:38:33,145 --> 00:38:35,895
These pipelines from the mountains

499
00:38:36,232 --> 00:38:39,112
feed the plant, Hellisheidi,

500
00:38:39,276 --> 00:38:42,236
which produces 300 megawatts

501
00:38:42,738 --> 00:38:44,318
of electricity

502
00:38:44,490 --> 00:38:49,910
 and hot water supplied throughout the city.

503
00:38:50,079 --> 00:38:53,079
Reykjavik has therefore

504
00:38:53,249 --> 00:38:56,209
 benefits from fully renewable geothermal sources.

505
00:38:56,989 --> 00:39:01,092
In the middle of the 60's oil crisis,
Islandic leaders decided to set up

506
00:39:01,149 --> 00:39:03,439
a strategy to live without fossil energy.

507
00:39:03,009 --> 00:39:05,759
We climb the mountain

508
00:39:06,387 --> 00:39:08,927
 to see the first igloos.

509
00:39:09,493 --> 00:39:14,151
40 years later, the island is 100% self-sufficient,
thanks to hydroelectricity, that uses the force of the water,

510
00:39:14,151 --> 00:39:17,434
and to geothermy that uses the heat of Earth.

511
00:39:18,626 --> 00:39:21,676
They only have to solve the vehicles problem.

512
00:39:23,237 --> 00:39:27,577
The noise of the steam rising from the ground

513
00:39:28,325 --> 00:39:30,615
and passing through the dome.

514
00:39:32,580 --> 00:39:34,670
It's a little magic ...

515
00:39:34,832 --> 00:39:36,832
 in this fog today.

516
00:39:37,460 --> 00:39:41,210
The weather is not always so, sometimes shine.

517
00:39:42,048 --> 00:39:43,758
I say to tourists.

518
00:39:45,176 --> 00:39:48,176
France, Switzerland, Germany,

519
00:39:48,345 --> 00:39:50,925
 the United States, Japan, Italy,

520
00:39:51,098 --> 00:39:52,848
the resources exist

521
00:39:53,017 --> 00:39:56,517
 to replace fossil fuels for heating

522
00:39:56,687 --> 00:39:58,767
and hot water

523
00:39:58,939 --> 00:39:59,729
by geothermal energy.

524
00:39:59,899 --> 00:40:03,649
In developing countries,
the potential is immense:

525
00:40:03,819 --> 00:40:05,699
nothing in the Rift in Africa,

526
00:40:05,863 --> 00:40:10,493
could produce 15 gigawatts
geothermal power

527
00:40:10,659 --> 00:40:13,619
in Kenya and Ethiopia, for example.

528
00:40:14,163 --> 00:40:17,213
The equivalent of 20 nuclear power plants.

529
00:40:24,755 --> 00:40:28,881
In the island of La Réunion, 35% of energy
is already produced by renewable sources.

530
00:40:29,505 --> 00:40:32,880
The goal is to achieve 100%
by 2025 or 2030.

531
00:40:33,245 --> 00:40:37,035
La Réunion has been aware very soon
of the necessity to use renewable energy.

532
00:40:37,731 --> 00:40:41,744
For environmental as well as economic
reasons, you can't kid yourself.

533
00:40:41,936 --> 00:40:46,623
Fossil energies are extremely expensive,

534
00:40:46,623 --> 00:40:49,237
for isolated areas like islands.

535
00:40:50,623 --> 00:40:53,693
This island is quite small and only
occupied in the shores.

536
00:40:54,252 --> 00:40:59,077
The problems are both to build and to feed people,
and to produce solar energy.

537
00:40:59,722 --> 00:41:06,386
We had the idea to try to share space,
between renewable enrgy and agriculture,

538
00:41:06,785 --> 00:41:10,582
in order to have both.

539
00:41:10,757 --> 00:41:15,309
Agri-energy uses greenhouses where the ground
is dedicated to growing, and half of the roofs

540
00:41:15,309 --> 00:41:17,447
to energy producing.

541
00:41:18,187 --> 00:41:23,407
Those greenhouses protect crops from hurricanes, and
permit the collect of rain water to be water self-sufficient.

542
00:41:23,414 --> 00:41:25,850
(Those greenhouses provide in electricity
for 600 homes of the island.)

543
00:41:25,923 --> 00:41:30,856
The company paid for those, in exchange of
the rights to use the roofs.

544
00:41:31,598 --> 00:41:33,531
A win-win partnership.

545
00:41:35,602 --> 00:41:39,658
The company used the same principle around the
harbour's jail, where the industrial unused land

546
00:41:39,658 --> 00:41:44,636
has been replaced with market greenhouses,
beehives, an arboretum, and a solar power plant,

547
00:41:44,673 --> 00:41:46,429
that provides for 12 000 homes.

548
00:41:47,074 --> 00:41:50,226
Prisoners learn there to grow vegetables,
and to build solar panels.

549
00:41:51,610 --> 00:41:54,306
The goal is to prepare them for jobs
that will be needed in the future.

550
00:41:56,971 --> 00:42:01,038
For the first time, panels are connected to
some batteries, for stocking the energy.

551
00:42:02,605 --> 00:42:07,525
A solar watt cost 66 dollars to produce in 1970,

552
00:42:07,693 --> 00:42:09,823
 today it is 66 cents

553
00:42:09,987 --> 00:42:12,027
and the cost tends to zero.

554
00:42:12,239 --> 00:42:14,449
Once paid the solar panel,

555
00:42:14,867 --> 00:42:16,537
 the sun is free,

556
00:42:16,911 --> 00:42:18,451
 it does not send a bill.

557
00:42:18,621 --> 00:42:20,041
The wind does not send a bill,

558
00:42:20,206 --> 00:42:22,456
simply maintain the wind turbine,

559
00:42:22,625 --> 00:42:24,285
is almost zero marginal cost.

560
00:42:24,460 --> 00:42:25,840
Same goes for geothermal.

561
00:42:26,253 --> 00:42:29,763
It is a revolution of unprecedented proportions.

562
00:42:29,924 --> 00:42:32,554
The fossil and nuclear are offside,

563
00:42:32,843 --> 00:42:36,263
 when anyone can produce its own energy,

564
00:42:36,513 --> 00:42:38,393
at almost no marginal cost.

565
00:42:38,641 --> 00:42:41,731
In Germany,
the wholesale electricity is generated

566
00:42:41,894 --> 00:42:44,194
by small players

567
00:42:44,355 --> 00:42:46,855
and democratically run cooperatives.

568
00:42:47,024 --> 00:42:49,114
They obtain low-interest loans.

569
00:42:49,693 --> 00:42:51,533
And four great companies?

570
00:42:51,695 --> 00:42:55,485
They produce less than 7% of the new electricity.

571
00:42:55,658 --> 00:42:56,738
They do not follow.

572
00:42:56,909 --> 00:42:58,949
Because these are giants,

573
00:42:59,119 --> 00:43:01,909
which deal with central government,

574
00:43:02,331 --> 00:43:04,791
their economy of scale is vertical.

575
00:43:05,251 --> 00:43:06,921
But the new energy is everywhere.

576
00:43:07,086 --> 00:43:10,086
The sun, wind, geothermal energy are everywhere.

577
00:43:10,256 --> 00:43:13,626
And these small players are taking small amounts,

578
00:43:13,801 --> 00:43:16,101
they store it and share.

579
00:43:16,345 --> 00:43:19,425
When millions of small producers aspire solar,

580
00:43:19,598 --> 00:43:22,178
 wind, geothermal, biomass,

581
00:43:22,351 --> 00:43:25,731
 all of it put together, in a side economics,

582
00:43:26,063 --> 00:43:28,443
it outperforms these nuclear power plants.

583
00:43:30,353 --> 00:43:34,431
And so it was possible to replace fossil energies
by renewable energies in most of the cases.

584
00:43:35,311 --> 00:43:38,054
But alternative ways were not enough,
consuming less was also required.

585
00:43:38,522 --> 00:43:42,763
This is what explained to us Thierry Salomon,
engineer, and president of the association Megawatt.

586
00:43:42,863 --> 00:43:51,198
Is it reasonnable to have in our subways
video screens, when only one of them

587
00:43:51,610 --> 00:44:03,072
consumes as much electricty -for everyday life- as 2 families.

588
00:44:03,797 --> 00:44:06,520
And they say they will put one million of those screens!

589
00:44:06,812 --> 00:44:17,724
Is it reasonnable in a city, to drive a 1000 pounds car, for
just carrying a 150 pounds man... There's someting wrong.

590
00:44:18,124 --> 00:44:20,223
And we are used to these wrong things.

591
00:44:20,223 --> 00:44:32,573
We can consume less, but we can't always searching
for the production of more and more watts, endlessly,

592
00:44:32,896 --> 00:44:35,670
in some kind of race energy... We have to think about

593
00:44:36,269 --> 00:44:40,626
all our consumption.
What is the energy we could avoid producing,

594
00:44:40,726 --> 00:44:41,656
and still having a normal life?

595
00:44:41,959 --> 00:44:48,985
More than half of the energy in the world.
Around 60 to 65% of the world consumption

596
00:44:48,985 --> 00:44:50,027
of today could be saved.

597
00:44:55,094 --> 00:44:59,759
In France, we need 2 nuclear power plant just
for the electric devices on standby.

598
00:45:00,801 --> 00:45:04,857
To produce a smartphone, 125 pounds
of CO2 has to be released in the atmosphere.

599
00:45:07,656 --> 00:45:11,031
A video game avatar consumes
as much energy as 40 Ethiopians.

600
00:45:13,733 --> 00:45:17,931
80% of the energy we produce is used for
transport, air-conditionning and heat.

601
00:45:30,896 --> 00:45:35,316
We renovated and insulated our buildings, our homes.

602
00:45:35,484 --> 00:45:40,494
They are heated by central energy of the city.

603
00:45:40,781 --> 00:45:43,371
This is an important investment.

604
00:45:43,534 --> 00:45:46,414
But as Copenhageners,

605
00:45:46,578 --> 00:45:51,668
my heating costs less.

606
00:45:51,834 --> 00:45:54,554
Today my heating is cheaper ...

607
00:45:54,711 --> 00:45:55,421
How much ?

608
00:45:55,587 --> 00:46:00,087
I have a 100m2 in central Copenhagen.

609
00:46:00,426 --> 00:46:05,596
I pay 60 to 65 euros per month for heating.

610
00:46:09,810 --> 00:46:11,350
It's an investment.

611
00:46:11,520 --> 00:46:15,940
But the money returns, it benefits everyone.

612
00:46:21,024 --> 00:46:23,588
In Copenhagen, we met Else,
who workes for city hall,

613
00:46:23,588 --> 00:46:24,854
and Mikkel, her boyfriend.

614
00:46:25,735 --> 00:46:30,444
Else invited us to follow her during one day,
to see what the city transport system looks like.

615
00:46:30,478 --> 00:46:31,979
We will go from here, to here...

616
00:46:32,179 --> 00:46:33,807
Or we can follow another path...

617
00:46:33,864 --> 00:46:38,776
What frightens me, is that people go very fast...

618
00:46:38,839 --> 00:46:41,039
It's really not relaxed...!

619
00:46:42,214 --> 00:46:46,780
Well, it's transport!
It's not sunday...!

620
00:46:53,286 --> 00:46:57,467
I work for the city of Copenhagen, in the
technic and environment branch,

621
00:46:57,652 --> 00:47:04,114
so we try to understand how the city could be more
appropriate, could use its resources more cleverly,

622
00:47:04,114 --> 00:47:13,551
from 5 people, 4 use a bycicle,
and 20% go walking,

623
00:47:13,855 --> 00:47:19,038
26% go with bycicles,
and 21% use public transport.

624
00:47:19,775 --> 00:47:23,237
So 67% of the people don't use a car.

625
00:47:25,060 --> 00:47:31,374
It's a good percentage, but we'd like it
to be 75% by 2025.

626
00:47:31,475 --> 00:47:33,595
We now know,

627
00:47:34,937 --> 00:47:38,567
thanks to research, and it checks for 50 years,

628
00:47:38,732 --> 00:47:42,612
 that the more we built roads, the more cars.

629
00:47:43,195 --> 00:47:46,275
It was also discovered that by creating bicycle paths,

630
00:47:46,448 --> 00:47:50,578
, facilities for bikes, so we invite people to do,

631
00:47:51,245 --> 00:47:54,665
after 10 years, there are many more cyclists.

632
00:47:54,998 --> 00:47:59,548
We also realized that improving public spaces,

633
00:47:59,711 --> 00:48:02,011
encouraging people to walk,

634
00:48:02,172 --> 00:48:05,722
they take to the streets,
and there are more of public life.

635
00:48:05,884 --> 00:48:09,184
We also realized

636
00:48:09,346 --> 00:48:13,926
 that urbanism has created unhealthy conditions.

637
00:48:14,268 --> 00:48:17,058
Spending time with ass in a chair,

638
00:48:17,229 --> 00:48:20,359
in a car ...

639
00:48:20,941 --> 00:48:22,611
sitting at his computer ...

640
00:48:23,402 --> 00:48:25,112
is a major health problem.

641
00:48:25,612 --> 00:48:29,122
Moreover, nothing is cheaper than developing

642
00:48:29,283 --> 00:48:32,373
 infrastructure for walking and cycling.

643
00:48:32,536 --> 00:48:35,286
It is important for social integration

644
00:48:35,455 --> 00:48:37,075
and for the sense of security

645
00:48:37,249 --> 00:48:40,669
that people meet instead of staying home

646
00:48:40,836 --> 00:48:42,836
to be afraid of each other.

647
00:48:44,715 --> 00:48:48,175
We have the most vibrant cities, more durable,

648
00:48:48,343 --> 00:48:51,683
safer and healthier cities.

649
00:48:51,847 --> 00:48:53,927
So what are we waiting for?

650
00:49:14,519 --> 00:49:19,592
Copenhagen interconnected its transport means,
bicycles, buses, subways, trains, boats,

651
00:49:19,968 --> 00:49:23,302
so the people can travel without car,
within a 50 miles radius.

652
00:49:25,346 --> 00:49:31,201
Before 2040, the city count on substituing oil cars
with hydrogen cars, biogas cars, electric cars,

653
00:49:31,552 --> 00:49:33,265
of which the batteries could stock sun and wind energy,

654
00:49:39,989 --> 00:49:43,450
So we have there an elevator to go out?
Yes! so you want to do the sporty way,

655
00:49:44,546 --> 00:49:45,866
or to take the elevator?

656
00:49:46,087 --> 00:49:49,248
We can make a race, to see what's the fastest way!

657
00:49:49,745 --> 00:49:52,621
Oh, i thought you were taking the elevator!

658
00:50:08,251 --> 00:50:09,338
Quicker!

659
00:50:32,614 --> 00:50:36,034
You do not build cities for the happiness of cars,

660
00:50:36,284 --> 00:50:41,084
nor the town planners or architects.

661
00:50:41,248 --> 00:50:43,038
Everything we build

662
00:50:43,208 --> 00:50:46,918
nfluences the behavior of people, their choices,

663
00:50:47,087 --> 00:50:49,007
 their lifestyles.

664
00:50:49,840 --> 00:50:51,430
We must build cities

665
00:50:51,591 --> 00:50:55,431
where life is pleasant,
where a good time.

666
00:50:56,304 --> 00:50:59,434
When we wonder:
"How can you afford

667
00:50:59,599 --> 00:51:01,559
to be carbon neutral?"

668
00:51:01,727 --> 00:51:05,397
I answer: "How not to be?
Look around us.

669
00:51:06,189 --> 00:51:09,069
"There is no alternative."

670
00:51:09,234 --> 00:51:13,414
But I see that cities can begin this work,

671
00:51:13,572 --> 00:51:15,322
become carbon neutral.

672
00:51:15,490 --> 00:51:18,330
For me, cities are world leaders.

673
00:51:18,493 --> 00:51:21,543
Where nations fail, they take over.

674
00:51:30,051 --> 00:51:33,119
When we knew where we were headed to,
we became all crazy... we were thinking Vertigo

675
00:51:33,124 --> 00:51:39,927
 and Golden Gate, bullit with Steve McQuenn,
Coppola's Sentinel Building, Castro and Harvey Milk,

676
00:51:40,282 --> 00:51:45,608
er... Cyril, wasn't. He just wanted to bring us here...
Great...!

677
00:52:10,545 --> 00:52:14,335
Achieve zero waste, what does that mean?

678
00:52:14,508 --> 00:52:16,588
Zero waste means

679
00:52:16,760 --> 00:52:20,510
that everything is reduced, used,
recycled or composted,

680
00:52:20,680 --> 00:52:25,440
nothing goes in landfills or is incinerated.

681
00:52:25,602 --> 00:52:28,022
Where are you in this process

682
00:52:28,188 --> 00:52:29,438
 to achieve zero waste?

683
00:52:29,606 --> 00:52:32,476
San Francisco recycles 80% of its waste.

684
00:52:32,651 --> 00:52:35,741
This includes what is generated by the housing,

685
00:52:35,904 --> 00:52:39,994
 for commercial enterprises,

686
00:52:40,200 --> 00:52:42,700
 and planning projects.

687
00:52:43,203 --> 00:52:45,253
We provide the means.

688
00:52:45,413 --> 00:52:47,043
There are three bins:

689
00:52:47,207 --> 00:52:51,167
green for compost and food,
blue for recycling,

690
00:52:51,336 --> 00:52:55,296
and black for the little that remains.

691
00:52:55,465 --> 00:52:58,885
The law now requires residents and businesses

692
00:52:59,052 --> 00:53:00,892
 recycle and compost ...

693
00:53:01,054 --> 00:53:02,354
It is an obligation ?

694
00:53:02,639 --> 00:53:04,059
If they do not ...

695
00:53:04,224 --> 00:53:06,944
Yes, you can be fined

696
00:53:07,227 --> 00:53:09,727
if you do not recycle correctly.

697
00:53:09,896 --> 00:53:13,276
Every person and every company pay

698
00:53:13,441 --> 00:53:16,901
for composting and waste collection,

699
00:53:17,070 --> 00:53:18,860
 is the bill every month,

700
00:53:19,030 --> 00:53:22,200
 and they get a discount

701
00:53:22,367 --> 00:53:27,457
depending on the volume of material
they have diverted from landfills.

702
00:53:29,082 --> 00:53:33,422
This can save thousands of dollars a year.

703
00:53:33,753 --> 00:53:37,473
The state has saved more than $ 3 million.

704
00:53:38,674 --> 00:53:43,763
In one year, San Francisco Hilton's Hotel saved
145 000 euros just by separating and composting the waste.

705
00:53:43,805 --> 00:53:47,885
The garbage trucks pass among people,

706
00:53:48,059 --> 00:53:50,059
collect organic waste

707
00:53:50,395 --> 00:53:51,645
and come here

708
00:53:52,480 --> 00:53:56,400
and unload in this big dump near the fence.

709
00:53:56,943 --> 00:53:58,953
A shovel just mix them,

710
00:53:59,112 --> 00:54:03,702
 and load them into the large rotary sorter.

711
00:54:03,867 --> 00:54:06,697
Watch the beautiful material comes through.

712
00:54:06,870 --> 00:54:10,080
You have to see it with the eyes of a garbage man.

713
00:54:10,248 --> 00:54:13,128
Here, a garbage collector does not see garbage,

714
00:54:13,293 --> 00:54:15,303
he sees paper, glass,

715
00:54:15,462 --> 00:54:17,672
he sees resources,

716
00:54:17,964 --> 00:54:20,634
 food waste composting.

717
00:54:20,884 --> 00:54:24,304
This is a very good material.
It is subtle.

718
00:54:24,471 --> 00:54:26,471
It is dense.

719
00:54:26,640 --> 00:54:29,310
Just right for compost:

720
00:54:29,684 --> 00:54:31,194
twigs and leaves.

721
00:54:32,020 --> 00:54:34,690
To me this is like the floor of a forest.

722
00:54:35,398 --> 00:54:37,068
All this comes from the earth,

723
00:54:37,567 --> 00:54:39,567
 we want to make it to land.

724
00:54:41,613 --> 00:54:44,663
Comes the next step of the process:

725
00:54:44,824 --> 00:54:47,044
make a thinner material,

726
00:54:47,661 --> 00:54:51,411
 ideal for plants.
It must be thin enough

727
00:54:51,581 --> 00:54:54,831
to end the nutrients pass through the roots.

728
00:54:55,543 --> 00:54:56,843
After screened,

729
00:54:57,337 --> 00:54:58,917
 we bring here

730
00:54:59,089 --> 00:55:01,509
 to pour it on these big mounds.

731
00:55:04,177 --> 00:55:06,887
It's hot ... very, very hot.

732
00:55:10,308 --> 00:55:12,478
It is because of germs.

733
00:55:12,727 --> 00:55:16,267
There are billions of billions.

734
00:55:16,439 --> 00:55:18,779
In a pile like that ...

735
00:55:20,777 --> 00:55:23,237
there are more microbes,

736
00:55:23,488 --> 00:55:24,818
 in this single job,

737
00:55:25,240 --> 00:55:27,080
that of humans on the planet.

738
00:55:27,242 --> 00:55:30,292
Farmers buy us compost

739
00:55:31,454 --> 00:55:35,794
and income from the sale helps to fund the operation.

740
00:55:36,376 --> 00:55:40,456
It's not worth very expensive but it gives us an income.

741
00:55:40,630 --> 00:55:43,550
We sell about $ 9 per cubic meter.

742
00:55:47,887 --> 00:55:50,927
All major urban areas

743
00:55:51,266 --> 00:55:56,266
should be composting food waste, garden waste ...

744
00:55:56,438 --> 00:56:01,478
Why fill landfills with that while farmers in need?

745
00:56:01,651 --> 00:56:04,451
I am a farmer, I want to compost.

746
00:56:04,696 --> 00:56:08,616
We do not produce enough, there is a huge demand.

747
00:56:08,783 --> 00:56:11,873
It's good for the soil, it is good for plants.

748
00:56:13,538 --> 00:56:17,748
It avoids to throw in landfills,
it makes nutrients to farms

749
00:56:18,043 --> 00:56:19,503
 it saves water,

750
00:56:19,669 --> 00:56:21,839
 it fertilizes the soil

751
00:56:22,005 --> 00:56:25,335
while absorbing CO2 from the atmosphere.

752
00:56:27,804 --> 00:56:31,522
Spreading compost over a quarter of the pasturelands would stock
in the soil three quarters of the CO2 emitted by the California state.

753
00:56:31,556 --> 00:56:34,726
Women have always provided food in the cities.

754
00:56:35,143 --> 00:56:37,273
We must reverse the roles.

755
00:56:37,437 --> 00:56:40,727
Making food to farms as compost.

756
00:56:41,490 --> 00:56:46,071
In the US, around 300 towns et 1000 Universities
followed this waste composting program.

757
00:56:50,162 --> 00:56:52,946
In the US, if every town would recycle 75%
of its waste, it would create 1,5 millions new jobs.

758
00:56:53,220 --> 00:56:56,756
Thanks to optical scanners, 100%
of hard plastic is recycled.

759
00:56:57,217 --> 00:57:00,642
And since 2007, plastic bags are prohibited.

760
00:57:01,497 --> 00:57:04,328
This is not waste, these are resources.

761
00:57:06,361 --> 00:57:12,273
One of the absurdity of the global system
is that well-known endless growth,

762
00:57:13,229 --> 00:57:18,614
that we call upon at all times as a solution,
when it's the big problem,

763
00:57:19,062 --> 00:57:30,037
because it generates a permanent insatisfaction for the people,
who then stop seeing the planet as a miraculous oasis,

764
00:57:30,141 --> 00:57:35,035
where life is good, lost in a big sideral universe

765
00:57:36,434 --> 00:57:41,094
and instead are seeing it as a deposit of ressources,
that must be drained to the last peace of it (fishes, trees etc.).

766
00:57:41,154 --> 00:57:51,480
The difference between animal and human behavior,
is that, when the lion eat an antelope, it just digests it.

767
00:57:51,750 --> 00:58:00,817
I've seen documentaries with lions completely relaxed
in front of a relaxed too herd of antelopes,

768
00:58:00,987 --> 00:58:03,054
it's like: no needs, no danger!

769
00:58:05,910 --> 00:58:13,396
A lion attackes an atelope only when it's hungry,
it doesn't do it to destroy it, or to have a lot so it can

770
00:58:13,396 --> 00:58:20,359
sell them to buddies! It doesn't have werahouses, it doesn't
say: buddies, you don't need to hunt! i have antelopes!

771
00:58:20,735 --> 00:58:25,340
There lies the difference: human
beeings hunt for accumating,

772
00:58:25,850 --> 00:58:35,139
with the purpose of earning money.

773
00:58:36,630 --> 00:58:41,329
So, renewable energies are possible, as long
as we save energy and consume less. Yes!

774
00:58:41,898 --> 00:58:43,117
Ok... but why are talking suddenly about growth?

775
00:58:43,493 --> 00:58:48,252
The problem is that the financial system needs
growth to keep working, and to have growth,

776
00:58:48,352 --> 00:58:52,719
the people must buy all the time, new
phones, new cars, to consume more.

777
00:58:53,053 --> 00:58:55,199
So you can't consume more and at
the same time consume less.

778
00:58:55,415 --> 00:58:57,222
Yeah... So what's the next step?

779
00:58:57,510 --> 00:59:00,537
To rethink our economic model.
Wow! Isn't that an expert thing?

780
00:59:00,637 --> 00:59:01,428
Don't worry...

781
00:59:08,103 --> 00:59:13,427
How to create wealth, jobs, without
growth, and without destroying the planet?

782
00:59:13,699 --> 00:59:18,538
That's what we try to understand at Pocheco,
a 114 employees firm, in North of France.

783
00:59:19,674 --> 00:59:23,189
Each year, they create 2 billions envelopes,
have the most modern machines fleet

784
00:59:23,231 --> 00:59:26,949
of all Europe, and all that in the region
with the highest unemployment rate.

785
00:59:29,272 --> 00:59:32,878
It was not too small, nor too huge,
it had just the right size for our study.

786
00:59:33,802 --> 00:59:41,781
The capitalist business of this beginning of century
is contaminated by a "financialization" approach.

787
00:59:41,781 --> 00:59:47,894
Which means, the priority goes to
make the stockholders richer.

788
00:59:48,139 --> 00:59:53,118
And meanwhile, in France for instance,
10 millions people are under the poverty threshold,

789
00:59:53,293 --> 00:59:56,274
and 3,5 millions are searching for a job.

790
00:59:56,929 --> 01:00:01,847
So we can stretch this thing indefinitely, and
wait to see when the elastic band will break,

791
01:00:02,039 --> 01:00:12,155
but here we considered that's enough,
and the company needs constant investments

792
01:00:12,319 --> 01:00:18,089
At Pocheco, it's a full time activity to find solutions.
The incomes disparity has a 1 to 4 ratio,

793
01:00:18,189 --> 01:00:23,118
when the average ratio in France is 1 to 100,
no dividend are payed to stockholders,

794
01:00:23,218 --> 01:00:25,720
and money is consistently reinvested inside the company.

795
01:00:26,322 --> 01:00:32,457
Instead of focusing on the money race, they focus on
saving energy, saving resources and at the same time

796
01:00:32,808 --> 01:00:38,094
increasing productivity, security, friendliness,
skills, and reducing the arduousness.

797
01:00:40,369 --> 01:00:49,411
In fact, the industry of the past was : i destroy
raw material, i turn it into a new product,

798
01:00:49,603 --> 01:00:52,610
that will become a waste,
that i will finally throw away.

799
01:00:52,945 --> 01:01:00,781
The result of that is well know,
unmanageable landfills, garbages everywhere,

800
01:01:01,693 --> 01:01:06,496
polluted oceans, polluted rivers,
and raw material getting scarce.

801
01:01:07,999 --> 01:01:13,445
Therefor, the industry of tomorrow,
like the one we practiced since 20 years,

802
01:01:13,652 --> 01:01:22,429
is the one where raw material is not extracted,
but is picked up from 20th century waste,

803
01:01:22,796 --> 01:01:33,304
it's used, transformed, with an energy produced
by the sun, to create, indeed, an object,

804
01:01:33,577 --> 01:01:39,163
that can be repared, that must be durable,
and once at the end of their useful lives,

805
01:01:39,235 --> 01:01:42,925
that can be recycled and therfore returning to this circularity.

806
01:01:43,124 --> 01:01:46,540
They apply this circularity principle to all topics,

807
01:01:46,640 --> 01:01:49,401
and when they start to show you the factory,
it's hard to follow them!

808
01:01:49,406 --> 01:01:57,807
The paper we use to prodcue envelopes comes from
the forrest. So we cut down trees. But the people

809
01:01:57,807 --> 01:02:02,165
we are working with, plant 4 new trees
for each tree that is cut.

810
01:02:02,372 --> 01:02:03,372
To produce envelopes with a lower grammage,
reduces the amount of raw material used.

811
01:02:08,297 --> 01:02:12,442
These are containers from which we collect
paper waste, and we sell that back.

812
01:02:13,222 --> 01:02:17,223
So this is good raw material that will be recycled.

813
01:02:17,647 --> 01:02:23,183
For many time, the packaging system was
to put manually envelopes in boxes.

814
01:02:23,371 --> 01:02:28,257
To replace that, we put them on reels.
There are 38 000 envelopes on one reel,

815
01:02:28,502 --> 01:02:31,684
and that way we could reduced by one third
our consumption of cardboard boxes,

816
01:02:32,058 --> 01:02:35,773
and besides, that increased productivity,
because it's way faster.

817
01:02:36,652 --> 01:02:37,652
In 1998, we started to use only water based inks,
made with pure natural pigments,

818
01:02:42,038 --> 01:02:45,692
and so there's no need to use anymore
chemical and toxic products to clean the machines,

819
01:02:45,940 --> 01:02:46,792
we uset only water.

820
01:02:47,418 --> 01:02:54,744
Inside the washing machine, there's rain water
and Marseille soap. It's wastewater but not toxic,

821
01:02:55,190 --> 01:03:03,133
will be sent to bamboo plants, and their roots system
will activate bacteries that will decompose impurities,

822
01:03:03,481 --> 01:03:09,504
will eat them, and the only biomass produced is the
bamboo's stem, that grows, that we cut, that we dry,

823
01:03:09,638 --> 01:03:10,591
and that will be used to heat the factory.

824
01:03:10,936 --> 01:03:16,468
At Pocheco, the heat comes from bambus, and from
pallets that all goes into the wood boiler,

825
01:03:16,468 --> 01:03:21,234
but this boiler is used only part time,
because the main heating system,

826
01:03:21,234 --> 01:03:30,734
comes from here : the pump room. Here we reduce.
We use this heat for the entire factory.

827
01:03:30,811 --> 01:03:32,414


828
01:03:32,540 --> 01:03:36,874
The objective is to make everything
productive, even the roof, which is

829
01:03:37,365 --> 01:03:41,813
producing energy with the solar panels -
and soon with the wind - , collecting

830
01:03:41,913 --> 01:03:46,539
and filtering rain water for all the factory use :
sanitary use, watering, washing the machines,

831
01:03:46,639 --> 01:03:51,239
producing honey from the beehives,
and isolating from the noise, with the green roof.

832
01:03:51,438 --> 01:03:55,416
We talk a lot about the micro particles
produced by the diesel engines,

833
01:03:55,767 --> 01:04:01,062
these are exactly what this green roof absorbs.

834
01:04:01,731 --> 01:04:11,379
If people decided to universalized green roofs
for all the supermarkets, the air pollution

835
01:04:11,479 --> 01:04:14,228
problem could decreased drastically in this country.

836
01:04:16,006 --> 01:04:26,334
Since 20 years, our "ecolonomy" investment is around
10 millions of euros, and our ecolonomy savings

837
01:04:26,334 --> 01:04:33,422
are around 15 millions of euros. So the
balance, after 20 years, is plus 5 millions.

838
01:04:34,567 --> 01:04:42,513
- While saving too energy, water, CO2...
- Of course! The only economy is not

839
01:04:42,613 --> 01:04:49,605
the financial economy. Money is required
to invest, but it's a mean, not a goal.

840
01:04:50,756 --> 01:04:53,882
We don't need to be richer and richer,
we don't need to go quicker and quicker.

841
01:04:54,325 --> 01:05:00,809
All those companies that are still believing today that
globalization means to be a leader in their own country,

842
01:05:01,324 --> 01:05:07,017
then becoming a leader in their continent,
then winning a second continent, then 3, 4,

843
01:05:07,017 --> 01:05:14,297
5 continents... There are limits... Everything
has limits! except for the sunfish that keeps growing

844
01:05:14,297 --> 01:05:20,420
until it dies, all living systems are limited
and must not grow indefinitely.

845
01:06:06,450 --> 01:06:10,054
Consuming less ressources, to be more clever,
more autonomous, is also part of the plan of

846
01:06:10,250 --> 01:06:14,647
the transition towns movement, that Rob Hopkins
started in South England in 2008.

847
01:06:15,294 --> 01:06:18,722
To combat climate change, and to move
away from a total reliance on oil,

848
01:06:19,145 --> 01:06:24,671
the "transitioners" think that the inhabitants of a place
must produce the major part of their energy needs,

849
01:06:25,017 --> 01:06:28,272
of their food, and relocalize a part of their economy.

850
01:06:28,611 --> 01:06:32,451
Why must we learn to be more independent?

851
01:06:32,698 --> 01:06:35,828
I remember, at 18, I had just finished school,

852
01:06:36,118 --> 01:06:39,208
 I went for my results.

853
01:06:39,372 --> 01:06:41,542
They were not terrible ....

854
01:06:42,500 --> 01:06:46,550
I was with my friends, a beautiful day like this,

855
01:06:46,712 --> 01:06:49,472
and I looked at them and said:

856
01:06:49,632 --> 01:06:52,932
We are hopeless, Real bums ...

857
01:06:53,135 --> 01:06:56,885
On a desert island, we will not we eat each other.

858
01:06:59,141 --> 01:07:02,271
None of us could do anything.

859
01:07:02,603 --> 01:07:05,903
And I really think that when it happens,

860
01:07:09,068 --> 01:07:11,648
when people without skills meet,

861
01:07:11,821 --> 01:07:16,281
it's different for a meeting between
people who know everything.

862
01:07:16,450 --> 01:07:19,790
This remains a meeting,
but the relationship is different.

863
01:07:19,954 --> 01:07:22,374
When two communities

864
01:07:22,540 --> 01:07:24,630
 two economies interact,

865
01:07:24,875 --> 01:07:28,875
if they are completely dependent on imports

866
01:07:29,046 --> 01:07:30,546
and not make anything,

867
01:07:30,715 --> 01:07:33,755
the quality of their relationship is very different

868
01:07:33,926 --> 01:07:38,466
from most resilient places where
we produce food locally,

869
01:07:38,639 --> 01:07:41,679
it produces energy, it manages water.

870
01:07:42,143 --> 01:07:45,863
Totnes is fortunate to have many active projects.

871
01:07:48,983 --> 01:07:52,363
I participate in two of them:
make sure

872
01:07:52,528 --> 01:07:55,568
to focus on two wheels, repairing bicycles.

873
01:07:55,906 --> 01:07:59,116
And I'm part of the team of the local currency.

874
01:07:59,535 --> 01:08:02,615
local currencies of the projects are interesting.

875
01:08:05,207 --> 01:08:07,037
They ask this question:

876
01:08:07,626 --> 01:08:10,706
Who has the right to print money?

877
01:08:11,630 --> 01:08:12,340
Who?

878
01:08:12,506 --> 01:08:15,336
Totnes has a ticket for 21 pounds ...

879
01:08:16,677 --> 01:08:18,927
We can do it, so why not?

880
01:08:24,059 --> 01:08:28,519
The idea is this:
we want a more resilient

881
01:08:29,106 --> 01:08:32,226
local economy,
where money circulates locally.

882
01:08:32,401 --> 01:08:36,661
A pound spent in a local business

883
01:08:36,822 --> 01:08:39,242
 flows and this generates more

884
01:08:39,575 --> 01:08:42,655
2.5 pounds of activity in the local economy.

885
01:08:42,828 --> 01:08:47,748
While at the supermarket,
it only generates 1.4 pounds.

886
01:08:47,917 --> 01:08:49,537
Money escapes ...

887
01:08:49,752 --> 01:08:52,212
In a more resilient economy,

888
01:08:52,379 --> 01:08:54,879
we want more money circulates.

889
01:08:55,049 --> 01:08:58,339
So this post, in Totnes, is 21 pounds.

890
01:08:58,594 --> 01:09:02,144
In nearby there is absolutely worthless.

891
01:09:02,765 --> 01:09:06,225
This is a very useful tool to build resilience.

892
01:09:06,393 --> 01:09:11,233
We do not get rid of the pound sterling,
it is used in parallel.

893
01:09:11,398 --> 01:09:14,398
The most beautiful is that they celebrate

894
01:09:14,568 --> 01:09:17,068
the place, culture, history.

895
01:09:17,738 --> 01:09:21,028
Here are 10 books in Brixton,
with David Bowie on it,

896
01:09:21,200 --> 01:09:25,540
which is so much more cool than to have the queen.

897
01:09:25,704 --> 01:09:29,464
It's legal to print a ticket of 21 pounds of Totnes?

898
01:09:29,625 --> 01:09:33,165
When we started, we formed a panel

899
01:09:33,337 --> 01:09:37,507
of eminent alternative economists and asked them,

900
01:09:37,800 --> 01:09:39,340
 do we have the right to do that?

901
01:09:39,552 --> 01:09:42,852
For this, the first book of Totnes ...

902
01:09:43,013 --> 01:09:47,693
we have the right to print it
and imagine that it is a book?

903
01:09:48,018 --> 01:09:52,728
They replied: "No idea!
Try it and see what happens! "

904
01:09:53,315 --> 01:09:55,025
Talk about experts!

905
01:09:55,192 --> 01:09:58,282
It's not that, a panel of experts.

906
01:09:58,779 --> 01:10:01,989
So it was launched and others followed.

907
01:10:02,157 --> 01:10:06,037
Lewis, Bristol and Brixton and all the others.

908
01:10:08,205 --> 01:10:10,285
But in fact, nobody knew ...

909
01:10:10,842 --> 01:10:17,040
"He who controls the money supply of a nation
controls the nation." said once Jefferson.

910
01:10:17,140 --> 01:10:20,339
So it was really worth it to discover who
had the power to create money.

911
01:10:20,439 --> 01:10:24,274
We talked about this issue with Mark Burton,
researcher at the Bristol University.

912
01:10:24,274 --> 01:10:26,391
So... who has the power to create currency?

913
01:10:26,599 --> 01:10:31,019
All the money, almost, is created by private banks

914
01:10:32,354 --> 01:10:34,574
whose main motivation

915
01:10:34,732 --> 01:10:37,782
 is to make money to pay their shareholders.

916
01:10:37,943 --> 01:10:40,453
They do it for that purpose

917
01:10:40,988 --> 01:10:45,118
 not to be useful, or to meet the real needs

918
01:10:45,284 --> 01:10:46,494
of society.

919
01:10:46,869 --> 01:10:48,619
Money is omnipresent

920
01:10:48,829 --> 01:10:51,289
 in our lives, every moment,

921
01:10:51,665 --> 01:10:53,205
everywhere ...

922
01:10:53,500 --> 01:10:57,250
but we do not know how it is created
and what it implies.

923
01:10:57,796 --> 01:11:01,176
We must begin to question it

924
01:11:01,342 --> 01:11:03,052
and the impact it has.

925
01:11:03,218 --> 01:11:05,928
So how is money created?

926
01:11:06,722 --> 01:11:08,562
Guess I am 6 ...

927
01:11:10,559 --> 01:11:12,899
By banks as loans.

928
01:11:16,065 --> 01:11:17,815
I am a bank and you come

929
01:11:17,983 --> 01:11:20,783
 you just borrow me 10 O00 pounds to buy a car.

930
01:11:21,737 --> 01:11:26,027
I consider whether you can repay me.

931
01:11:26,408 --> 01:11:27,868
I think so,

932
01:11:28,535 --> 01:11:33,915
I hit 10000 on your account,
and the money is there.

933
01:11:34,083 --> 01:11:35,583
I created money ...

934
01:11:36,335 --> 01:11:37,535
 money again.

935
01:11:37,753 --> 01:11:38,883
From scratch ?

936
01:11:39,046 --> 01:11:39,836
Like this?

937
01:11:40,255 --> 01:11:42,965
- With the tap of a keyboard?
- That's all.

938
01:11:46,512 --> 01:11:47,932
You think I'm crazy!

939
01:11:48,222 --> 01:11:49,182
A little yes !

940
01:11:49,723 --> 01:11:52,143
But I would especially like to do it!

941
01:11:52,851 --> 01:11:54,481
Add me money ...

942
01:11:54,728 --> 01:11:57,858
Of course, there are controls,

943
01:11:58,148 --> 01:12:01,238
banks can not add 10,000 pounds

944
01:12:01,402 --> 01:12:03,152
and go spend it.

945
01:12:03,570 --> 01:12:05,740
This is related to the loan.

946
01:12:05,906 --> 01:12:07,696
All the money that is created

947
01:12:07,866 --> 01:12:10,036
is created as well as a debt

948
01:12:10,536 --> 01:12:12,706
with interest

949
01:12:12,871 --> 01:12:16,671
we have to pay.
And when you repaid the money,

950
01:12:17,626 --> 01:12:20,336
 it disappears, it leaves the system.

951
01:12:20,754 --> 01:12:25,554
For the economy to work,
they must pay ever.

952
01:12:25,718 --> 01:12:28,428
Otherwise, the money disappears and is the recession.

953
01:12:29,054 --> 01:12:32,184
It's endless, everyone is already so indebted,

954
01:12:32,349 --> 01:12:35,979
and you say that we must borrow again and again,

955
01:12:37,813 --> 01:12:39,193
to keep

956
01:12:39,773 --> 01:12:41,233
the economy running?

957
01:12:41,400 --> 01:12:43,240
It works like that, yes.

958
01:12:43,444 --> 01:12:45,154
Without borrowing any money.

959
01:12:46,447 --> 01:12:47,567
It's crazy !

960
01:12:49,699 --> 01:12:53,713
In UK, 97% of the money is created by
private banks through loans.

961
01:12:53,713 --> 01:12:58,536
In the Euro zone, it's about 85%. What remains
(bills and change) is created by central banks.

962
01:12:58,682 --> 01:13:06,126
Henry Ford, the founder of the dinasty, affirmed that,
if the americans understood how their banking system is working,

963
01:13:06,226 --> 01:13:09,639
there would be a revolution the next day.
I think he's right.

964
01:13:10,083 --> 01:13:15,462
Bernard Lietaer is an economist. He studied in MIT
in company of the Nobel price Paul Krugman,

965
01:13:15,562 --> 01:13:16,562
has been an adviser for many global corporations,
and high ranking official in the Belgium central bank,

966
01:13:20,243 --> 01:13:24,752
where he directed for the UN the technical part
of the launching of the Ecu, forerunner of the Euro.

967
01:13:24,852 --> 01:13:33,648
All patriarchal societies in history have done
the same thing we're doing : a monetary monopoly

968
01:13:33,671 --> 01:13:40,913
with interests. It's quite logical since it's a mechanism
- and the people don't realize it - that concentrates

969
01:13:41,013 --> 01:13:51,501
the means at the top. Even the Soviet system, even the
Chinese system, were based on the same concept :

970
01:13:51,660 --> 01:14:02,377
a single currency is created, on a national scale,
through debts and interests. That's the general mechanism.

971
01:14:02,915 --> 01:14:08,556
It concerns all world currencies, so we have
a worldwide pine forest, in which all pines

972
01:14:08,608 --> 01:14:17,305
can vary in size, but they're all pines. What does it mean?
Just don't let a cigarette fall into it!

973
01:14:18,298 --> 01:14:21,021
The slightest hitch and everything's gone!

974
01:14:21,372 --> 01:14:24,549
To take economy classes is like
a brainwash to make you believe

975
01:14:24,649 --> 01:14:27,842
that everything must work with one
single currency. Because it's more efficient.

976
01:14:28,415 --> 01:14:33,637
And that's true, but it's also way more fragile!
It has'nt a proper resilience.

977
01:14:35,413 --> 01:14:37,535
Farming monoculture = more diseases,
more blazes, less water, less animals.

978
01:14:37,909 --> 01:14:41,484
money monoculture = 145 banking crahes,
208 monetary crises, since 1970.

979
01:14:41,859 --> 01:14:47,198
We can learn what's working in a natural ecosystem,
and directly apply it to the monetary system.

980
01:14:47,485 --> 01:14:55,676
What do all these divers ecosystems have in
common? They never allow one single monoculture.

981
01:14:57,065 --> 01:15:06,140
We need diversity. I think we need the Euro,
and even a unique global currency,

982
01:15:06,805 --> 01:15:11,228
and we need a currency for your own district.
This is what an ecosystem is about!

983
01:15:32,995 --> 01:15:35,694
Primary forest of Bélouve,
La Réunion.

984
01:15:40,993 --> 01:15:44,044
An ecosystem with more than
1000 animal and plant species.

985
01:16:13,469 --> 01:16:16,530
We were willing to believe that diversity
was working better than monoculture,

986
01:16:16,630 --> 01:16:18,927
it was quite logical, hearing
all what we've heard so far.

987
01:16:18,966 --> 01:16:20,765
But we wanted to see an example
that would prove that.

988
01:16:21,187 --> 01:16:25,045
So Bernard Lietaer sent us to Bâle,
where a complementary currency

989
01:16:25,119 --> 01:16:27,467
exists since 80 years, for the SMEs.

990
01:16:27,545 --> 01:16:32,683
In 1934, while all the western economy has
been draged down into depression by the 29's crack,

991
01:16:32,684 --> 01:16:37,412
and that banks wouldn't grant anymore loans,
15 businessmen have had a quite original idea :

992
01:16:37,471 --> 01:16:42,052
Creating a currency with no interest, for their
private use, in order to revive their activities.

993
01:16:42,052 --> 01:16:46,049
This solution worked so well, that after 2 years,
the early 15 members became 2000.

994
01:16:46,415 --> 01:16:49,618
80 years later, the wir currency
has a bank, like any other bank.

995
01:16:49,736 --> 01:16:53,516
Switzerland has officially 2 currencies,
the Swiss franc, and the wir franc.

996
01:16:53,796 --> 01:16:54,796
The majority of the Swiss doesn't know it,
since the wir is used only by the 60 000 SMEs

997
01:17:03,890 --> 01:17:10,535
that participate to this sytem. We cannot use this currency
outside of that network. It worth nothing.

998
01:17:10,778 --> 01:17:15,337
It's the same idea that was explaining Rob.
The trick is to prevent money to end up

999
01:17:15,556 --> 01:17:18,387
in the global corporations pockets, and to
protect the economic ecosystem.

1000
01:17:19,171 --> 01:17:22,980
In that case, the Swiss SMEs. And in order
for that ecosystem to work, there must be

1001
01:17:23,354 --> 01:17:26,828
lots of interactions, in which everyone is
both the client and the supplier of the others.

1002
01:17:26,896 --> 01:17:31,348
For example, the owner of the bar will buy
his tables and chairs to a furniture seller,

1003
01:17:31,737 --> 01:17:36,244
(one that accepts the wir), who will order them to a
carpenter belonging to that network, who will buy

1004
01:17:36,244 --> 01:17:42,690
his wood in wir to a forrest logger, who will go
occasionally get a drink in the above bar,

1005
01:17:42,790 --> 01:17:46,736
and so on goes the circle. When the members
want to trade outside of the network,

1006
01:17:46,880 --> 01:17:50,031
they use again the Swiss franc,
the dollars or the euro.

1007
01:17:50,128 --> 01:17:59,469
So, who creates this currency, since in the regular
network, money is made by both central banks and

1008
01:17:59,469 --> 01:18:09,371
by loans?
It's the wir bank that creates it, and offers it cheap,

1009
01:18:09,580 --> 01:18:15,377
since it's not part of the big financial market,
and doesn't cost to the bank nothing,

1010
01:18:15,492 --> 01:18:20,627
and therefore can grant loan at negligible rate.
So there are interests, now?

1011
01:18:20,819 --> 01:18:26,521
There are interests on loan, but negligible.
On what are'nt there any interests?

1012
01:18:26,851 --> 01:18:33,285
On the assets. -OK. This means, when you have money
in your account, it doesn't yield you anything.

1013
01:18:33,660 --> 01:18:41,922
- Exactly! - So there's no point letting it there...
- None! - Can't become a billionaire in wir...!

1014
01:18:41,974 --> 01:18:49,513
- We could! But it's not so interesting...
- That's a good thing! And what a difference!

1015
01:18:49,613 --> 01:18:54,245
It's like another world! And so, do you think if
there's a big economic crise, this kind of

1016
01:18:54,508 --> 01:18:57,356
complementary currency system really can be a solution?

1017
01:18:57,456 --> 01:19:10,448
Yes it can, for the weak regions, like Greece, for instance.
If there was a Greek wir, we could start the economy again,

1018
01:19:10,627 --> 01:19:24,825
since this wir couldn't be used in Switzerland, USA, London...
in the stock markets, so instead of sending billions of euros

1019
01:19:25,165 --> 01:19:30,766
that will disappear in 48 hours from the country,
and that we will find in the big foreign stock markets

1020
01:19:31,005 --> 01:19:35,428
for speculative reasons, there's no use at all!

1021
01:19:35,779 --> 01:19:44,660
There must be a currency that works only in that
weak economy, and therefore will be invested back

1022
01:19:45,310 --> 01:19:50,545
in the country economical network. - Yes, because,
besides the fact that money flies away quickly,

1023
01:19:50,886 --> 01:19:57,265
they cannot borrow anymore. - Exactly! and that is money
they create themselves! And i'm not talking about alternative

1024
01:19:57,365 --> 01:20:06,420
systems, but about complementary systems.
Because to have only one currency will attract

1025
01:20:06,661 --> 01:20:11,634
the same problems, the same diseases...

1026
01:20:12,384 --> 01:20:19,782
So it was possible to create currrencies without creating debt,
for both companies and cities. In Bristol, Engalnd, where was

1027
01:20:19,947 --> 01:20:25,457
Marc, one of the best local currency example was growing.
His colleague Kiran was expecting us in the city market.

1028
01:20:25,530 --> 01:20:28,830
- Anyone can create money?
- Absolutely.

1029
01:20:28,992 --> 01:20:34,122
But to really change the system,
it must be done at a certain scale.

1030
01:20:34,289 --> 01:20:39,959
We need a diversity of people in the system that you create

1031
01:20:40,212 --> 01:20:44,632
 that can exchange
essential goods and services:

1032
01:20:44,799 --> 01:20:47,679
food, electricity, transportation ...

1033
01:20:48,220 --> 01:20:51,600
All must have confidence in the system itself.

1034
01:20:52,182 --> 01:20:56,352
The money is actually based on the confidence of all.

1035
01:20:56,770 --> 01:21:00,770
The problem with the international financial system

1036
01:21:00,982 --> 01:21:03,442
 is that some large companies

1037
01:21:03,610 --> 01:21:06,030
 have little local interests.

1038
01:21:06,279 --> 01:21:08,449
They do not have the same need

1039
01:21:08,615 --> 01:21:11,365
o maintain a healthy community,

1040
01:21:11,535 --> 01:21:14,495
 a well-functioning society,

1041
01:21:14,663 --> 01:21:18,383
the people who live and work
in the real economy.

1042
01:21:18,853 --> 01:21:23,959
It was indeed very easy, all what it takes was to go in a
city store that exchange British pounds for Bristol Pounds

1043
01:21:24,241 --> 01:21:27,920
and we could use them in more than 600 stores,
restaurants and companies of the city.

1044
01:21:37,637 --> 01:21:41,398
We could pay with bills, and even by texting.

1045
01:21:41,439 --> 01:21:43,729
I hit two books for a coffee,

1046
01:21:44,192 --> 01:21:46,402
in "Bristol Pounds" and send ...

1047
01:21:47,279 --> 01:21:48,779
- That's all ?
- That's all !

1048
01:21:51,199 --> 01:21:55,789
How not to agree?
It supports local businesses.

1049
01:21:56,079 --> 01:22:00,379
That limit tax evasion.

1050
01:22:00,542 --> 01:22:02,712
Who does not agree?

1051
01:22:03,670 --> 01:22:07,300
This creates a pool of local
currency for the community

1052
01:22:07,465 --> 01:22:11,005
and promotes business development.

1053
01:22:11,469 --> 01:22:13,259
It reduces transport circuits

1054
01:22:13,430 --> 01:22:17,100
 in CO2 emissions.
The exchanges are more local,

1055
01:22:17,267 --> 01:22:20,227
whether for food, materials, etc.

1056
01:22:20,395 --> 01:22:23,055
It is less travel products.

1057
01:22:23,231 --> 01:22:26,741
The economy is more local,
resilience, ecological.

1058
01:22:26,901 --> 01:22:28,571
Who does not agree?

1059
01:22:28,820 --> 01:22:30,240
Everyone is.

1060
01:22:30,739 --> 01:22:32,949
All parties.

1061
01:22:33,158 --> 01:22:36,908
The easiest was to obtain a political consensus.

1062
01:22:37,806 --> 01:22:42,214
The city's mayor, George Ferguson,
decided to be paid in Bristol Pounds.

1063
01:22:42,769 --> 01:22:46,107
Like Bristol, hundreds of cities all over
the world, are creating their own currency.

1064
01:22:46,335 --> 01:22:50,304
In order that this model expands, the best way
would be that the city councils accepts to

1065
01:22:50,304 --> 01:22:54,339
receive local taxes in complementary currency,
and that they use it to pay partially their

1066
01:22:54,439 --> 01:22:59,487
council civil servants and their suppliers.
Accross the atlantic, this idea about

1067
01:22:59,587 --> 01:23:04,055
relocalizing activities and creating communities
that controls again the economy, is spreading

1068
01:23:04,303 --> 01:23:09,462
widely since like 10 years. The Balle movement
is an alliance of 35 000 independent businessmen,

1069
01:23:09,632 --> 01:23:14,543
spreads in 80 networks all across USA.
They have their activities in every sector.

1070
01:23:14,916 --> 01:23:20,189
Food, energy, building, transport, clothes, services...

1071
01:23:23,557 --> 01:23:25,790
And each year, for 3 days, they gather.
This year, it takes palce in Oakland...

1072
01:23:27,626 --> 01:23:31,791
Well, it's like american style, they like to dance...

1073
01:23:33,054 --> 01:23:35,430
Sometimes they even sing...

1074
01:23:45,843 --> 01:23:49,998
But most importantly, they talk about how to support
the creation of a worldwide network for local economy,

1075
01:23:49,998 --> 01:23:56,753
alive, sustainable, interconnected to each other.
They believe in community, in the necessity to be together,

1076
01:23:56,806 --> 01:24:00,531
to face the cold logic of globalization,
of financial business, of "every man for himself".

1077
01:24:21,349 --> 01:24:23,019
BALL simply said ...

1078
01:24:24,602 --> 01:24:27,942
 we can not let others determine our future,

1079
01:24:28,690 --> 01:24:29,980
is ours to do.

1080
01:24:30,150 --> 01:24:33,530
Companies that grow and go global

1081
01:24:33,695 --> 01:24:37,315
are very strong to create dollars ...

1082
01:24:38,032 --> 01:24:40,542
but very few people see color.

1083
01:24:40,702 --> 01:24:42,912
To create more jobs,

1084
01:24:43,079 --> 01:24:45,499
more wealth for more people,

1085
01:24:45,665 --> 01:24:49,995
we must increase the density
and diversity of local businesses.

1086
01:24:50,170 --> 01:24:52,840
The worst way to support the economy

1087
01:24:53,006 --> 01:24:55,466
 and create jobs,

1088
01:24:55,633 --> 01:25:00,433
 it's what we do in the US,
 in the name of economic development.

1089
01:25:00,597 --> 01:25:03,887
That is to say, spend

1090
01:25:04,642 --> 01:25:06,312
 huge sums of money

1091
01:25:06,478 --> 01:25:09,478
 to attract or retain multinationals.

1092
01:25:09,731 --> 01:25:14,441
It is a failure, a proven failure
of economic development.

1093
01:25:14,819 --> 01:25:18,949
This is not where the jobs are,
it's not where the future.

1094
01:25:19,949 --> 01:25:24,619
We know, for example, through several studies,

1095
01:25:25,079 --> 01:25:27,039
that for every dollar

1096
01:25:27,624 --> 01:25:31,674
spent at local and independent businesses,

1097
01:25:31,836 --> 01:25:35,166
 comparing jobs created,

1098
01:25:35,340 --> 01:25:37,720
 compared to a multinational,

1099
01:25:37,884 --> 01:25:40,604
it is 2-4 times more.

1100
01:25:41,012 --> 01:25:44,182
Every dollar I spend locally

1101
01:25:44,349 --> 01:25:47,189
2 to 4 times more impact on employment,

1102
01:25:47,352 --> 01:25:50,482
2 to 4 times more impact on wealth and income,

1103
01:25:50,688 --> 01:25:55,318
2 to 4 times more impact on the taxes charged by the municipality,

1104
01:25:55,485 --> 01:26:00,195
2 to 4 times more impact on donations to associations.

1105
01:26:00,406 --> 01:26:02,156
That's a huge difference.

1106
01:26:02,408 --> 01:26:04,738
Multinationals control governments.

1107
01:26:05,119 --> 01:26:08,209
As citizens, we can change that

1108
01:26:08,373 --> 01:26:11,583
by refusing to buy these large companies,

1109
01:26:12,043 --> 01:26:14,923
by launching our own local businesses.

1110
01:26:15,088 --> 01:26:18,338
Here's how to make economic power in our communities,

1111
01:26:18,508 --> 01:26:21,428
 and thus strengthen democracy.

1112
01:26:21,845 --> 01:26:24,595
If multinationals continue to act this way,

1113
01:26:24,806 --> 01:26:27,476
 the money will flood policy.

1114
01:26:27,642 --> 01:26:30,982
The richest control the legislature,

1115
01:26:31,145 --> 01:26:33,435
and we will have more democracy.

1116
01:26:33,648 --> 01:26:37,108
If what we have is people power,

1117
01:26:37,277 --> 01:26:38,487
we need to use it.

1118
01:26:40,507 --> 01:26:45,316
To use our personal power, is it to build circular
circular economy businesses, to create new currencies,

1119
01:26:45,904 --> 01:26:51,736
to buy local and independent, to boycott, is that it?
- Yes it is! But if we really want to see

1120
01:26:51,736 --> 01:26:55,598
more small companies, more diversity,
the laws have to be changed, because

1121
01:26:55,608 --> 01:26:59,834
so far, they favor big corporations, allowing them
to pay less taxes, to sell cheap products even if

1122
01:27:00,007 --> 01:27:03,630
they come from the other side of the world (thanks
to free trade), so politicians must change the game.

1123
01:27:03,804 --> 01:27:08,335
But everybody says that big corporations
influence politicians, laws and the markets.

1124
01:27:08,378 --> 01:27:11,935
Yeah, i know... - So what?
- So we have a problem with our democracies...

1125
01:27:15,913 --> 01:27:20,663
There's a mistrust in Parliament,
in politicians, in authorities,

1126
01:27:20,763 --> 01:27:28,677
because people feel excluded... In English, there's
a nice expression : "a sense of theft"

1127
01:27:28,777 --> 01:27:41,780
a feeling of loss, and this is justified,
citizens have lost their grip,

1128
01:27:41,880 --> 01:27:47,295
their involvment in their societies governments.

1129
01:27:47,657 --> 01:27:53,771
There's a newly published study, from the
Princeton University, that says : America is

1130
01:27:53,804 --> 01:27:57,336
no longer a democracy. It's an oligarchy.
They were comparing what wanted the people

1131
01:27:57,729 --> 01:28:03,928
with the preferences of the economic
elite. Systematically, public decisions

1132
01:28:03,928 --> 01:28:08,768
are more attuned to the needs of the economic
world, than to most people.

1133
01:28:08,993 --> 01:28:12,043
Everybody knows that the dice are loaded

1134
01:28:12,622 --> 01:28:16,002
Everyone rolls fingers crossed

1135
01:28:16,292 --> 01:28:19,922
Everyone knows that the war is over

1136
01:28:20,088 --> 01:28:23,468
Everyone knows that the good guys lost

1137
01:28:23,633 --> 01:28:27,053
Everybody knows the fight was rigged

1138
01:28:27,220 --> 01:28:30,560
The poor remain poor and the rich get richer

1139
01:28:30,723 --> 01:28:33,393
It goes like this

1140
01:28:34,852 --> 01:28:36,652
Everybody knows it

1141
01:28:38,439 --> 01:28:41,989
Everybody knows that the boat is sinking

1142
01:28:42,235 --> 01:28:45,065
Everybody knows that the captain lied

1143
01:28:45,780 --> 01:28:48,530
Everybody has this uneasy feeling

1144
01:28:49,575 --> 01:28:52,785
As if his or her dog had just died

1145
01:28:53,079 --> 01:28:56,119
Everyone talks only

1146
01:28:56,666 --> 01:28:59,666
Everybody wants a box of chocolates

1147
01:28:59,836 --> 01:29:02,796
And a long-stemmed rose

1148
01:29:03,756 --> 01:29:06,006
Everybody knows it

1149
01:29:37,707 --> 01:29:39,537
Do we disobey?

1150
01:29:39,751 --> 01:29:42,171
Is this a key to the future?

1151
01:29:42,879 --> 01:29:46,549
We must obey the higher laws

1152
01:29:46,799 --> 01:29:48,839
which are of two kinds.

1153
01:29:49,427 --> 01:29:52,637
One comes from the Earth, the laws of Gaia,

1154
01:29:52,889 --> 01:29:54,269
 the laws of diversity,

1155
01:29:54,432 --> 01:29:56,682
that tell us to protect the Earth,

1156
01:29:56,976 --> 01:29:59,346
its resources and its benefits.

1157
01:29:59,562 --> 01:30:02,982
And everything that opposes our
duty towards the Earth,

1158
01:30:03,483 --> 01:30:05,573
we must not take part,

1159
01:30:05,735 --> 01:30:08,145
in deference to these higher laws.

1160
01:30:08,321 --> 01:30:10,241
The second category,

1161
01:30:10,490 --> 01:30:14,740
 it is the laws that flow from human rights, democracy.

1162
01:30:15,078 --> 01:30:19,368
Any law that interferes with your humanity,

1163
01:30:19,624 --> 01:30:23,094
 which deprives us of freedom, independence,

1164
01:30:23,503 --> 01:30:25,133
 we must not take part.

1165
01:30:29,805 --> 01:30:34,484
To stop obeying to their governments and to market's law,
that's what Icelanders decided to do in 2009.

1166
01:30:35,265 --> 01:30:40,338
While banks and big corporations speculation
led to one of the biggest bankrupt in history,

1167
01:30:40,518 --> 01:30:44,292
put thousands of people out of business
and left without a home, they decided to

1168
01:30:44,392 --> 01:30:47,254
take the streets and to hold the government accountable.

1169
01:30:49,362 --> 01:30:51,492
In our view, iceland was perfect,

1170
01:30:51,656 --> 01:30:54,326
 our beautiful democracy

1171
01:30:54,492 --> 01:30:58,622
protected us
against corruption and everything else.

1172
01:30:58,955 --> 01:31:01,455
We were very unconscious

1173
01:31:01,624 --> 01:31:04,294
of what happened, and is still happening

1174
01:31:04,460 --> 01:31:06,960
in the world with this global capitalism

1175
01:31:07,130 --> 01:31:09,670
that is destroying us slowly.

1176
01:31:10,133 --> 01:31:13,013
We were happy before our plasma screens,

1177
01:31:13,177 --> 01:31:17,097
with our holiday abroad, all rich and well fed.

1178
01:31:17,306 --> 01:31:22,266
Until the day when we realized that this
whole "reality" was false.

1179
01:31:23,349 --> 01:31:28,010
Every saturday, during months, they stood up in front
of the Parliament, of banks, and won't let

1180
01:31:28,110 --> 01:31:30,367
the political and financial leaders breath.

1181
01:31:32,321 --> 01:31:34,491
Is it wants to fire corrupt?

1182
01:31:35,324 --> 01:31:37,744
Transfer the government?

1183
01:31:38,661 --> 01:31:40,791
Do we want the elections?

1184
01:31:41,581 --> 01:31:43,121
Thanks to be here.

1185
01:31:44,709 --> 01:31:47,959
Come back next Saturday at the same hour,

1186
01:31:48,671 --> 01:31:51,671
as we will continue to do so

1187
01:31:51,841 --> 01:31:55,391
until the government resigns.

1188
01:31:59,557 --> 01:32:02,057
Outside, the directors of the central bank.

1189
01:32:04,145 --> 01:32:05,805
They will not miss us.

1190
01:32:08,100 --> 01:32:12,770
And the 26th of January, 2010, after months of
fight, the prime minister, the government,

1191
01:32:12,808 --> 01:32:18,409
the director of the central bank resign. And unlike
France or USA, citizens will not bail out the banks

1192
01:32:18,696 --> 01:32:24,105
that have speculated with their money. And instead of
going back home and wait for the leaders to set things up,

1193
01:32:24,438 --> 01:32:29,596
a movement emerges with the goal that what happened
between politicians, big corporations and bankers,

1194
01:32:29,696 --> 01:32:31,835
never happened again.

1195
01:32:32,200 --> 01:32:35,127
The 6th of November 2010, 1000 citizens
selected at random get together to identify

1196
01:32:35,200 --> 01:32:37,305
the country key priorities.

1197
01:32:37,347 --> 01:32:41,746
The 27th of November 2010, 25 citizens are elected
to create a new draft constitution.

1198
01:32:41,766 --> 01:32:44,476
We wanted to write a new constitution

1199
01:32:44,644 --> 01:32:47,024
for the people of Iceland,
by the people of Iceland.

1200
01:32:47,188 --> 01:32:51,028
Everyone had access to the Constitutional Council,

1201
01:32:51,192 --> 01:32:53,992
during the debates.

1202
01:32:54,153 --> 01:32:56,663
You could contact him by mail, Facebook,

1203
01:32:56,822 --> 01:32:59,622
make a phone call, or come to the meetings.

1204
01:33:00,159 --> 01:33:02,039
It was very open.

1205
01:33:02,203 --> 01:33:04,753
There was very good proposals,

1206
01:33:04,914 --> 01:33:08,134
certain that we used in our draft constitution.

1207
01:33:09,669 --> 01:33:12,919
We recurring themes, such as:

1208
01:33:13,089 --> 01:33:16,509
how to make our elected officials
accountable for their actions,

1209
01:33:16,676 --> 01:33:20,176
introducing transparency
to see what they do,

1210
01:33:20,513 --> 01:33:23,473
and allocate powers to prevent corruption?

1211
01:33:23,641 --> 01:33:27,811
People are not destructive,
except a tiny minority.

1212
01:33:27,979 --> 01:33:29,899
Most are good and kind.

1213
01:33:30,064 --> 01:33:33,404
But money and power make blind.

1214
01:33:33,567 --> 01:33:35,487
It is a sad rule.

1215
01:33:35,945 --> 01:33:37,735
Power tends to be maintained.

1216
01:33:37,905 --> 01:33:39,485
We wanted to break it.

1217
01:33:41,574 --> 01:33:46,228
In July 2011, the group of the 25 give
the draft to the Parliament.

1218
01:33:46,893 --> 01:33:51,816
A text saying that the power of politicians, banks
and corporations will be supervized by citizens.

1219
01:33:54,576 --> 01:34:01,038
3 months later, a consultative referendum
is organized, and the results is 67% of Yes.

1220
01:34:01,930 --> 01:34:07,468
Then it's the turn of the deputies to endorse the draft,
but the Conservatives won't let that happen, for 4 years now.

1221
01:34:07,735 --> 01:34:14,675
Because of the institutions, elected officials have the final
say on validating or not what people have choosen.

1222
01:34:14,775 --> 01:34:19,118
And in that case, they went against their will.
So what to do?

1223
01:34:19,135 --> 01:34:26,262
I think the futur of democarcy lies in
new forms of representing people.

1224
01:34:26,362 --> 01:34:33,581
Until now, we only know one way of doing it,
elections. There's all Germany from one side,

1225
01:34:33,681 --> 01:34:38,724
and the German Parliament on the other side,
in which people are brought through elections.

1226
01:34:38,995 --> 01:34:46,008
There's another way to have people represented,
it's not through the aristocratic way of elections,

1227
01:34:46,184 --> 01:34:53,928
but through random draw, which is still used today
for only one particular case : the trial juries.

1228
01:34:54,028 --> 01:35:04,463
It's in use in Belgium, Norway, France, USA etc.
And even if it's far to be perfect, we can see that

1229
01:35:04,600 --> 01:35:11,974
almost all the time, the 12 juries take very seriously
their duty. They get deeply involved to take

1230
01:35:12,471 --> 01:35:15,874
the decision that will serve the society.

1231
01:35:16,331 --> 01:35:21,186
The random chosen people have maybe
less skills than elected politicians,

1232
01:35:21,253 --> 01:35:35,647
but on the other side they're more free, and not
so tied to personal political and economical interests.

1233
01:35:35,769 --> 01:35:44,009
There's an amazing thing that happened in Texas...
Texas! the american oil state! They organized

1234
01:35:44,034 --> 01:35:54,603
democratic deciding encounters about renewable energies,
especially the wind-powered one. And before that,

1235
01:35:54,703 --> 01:35:59,072
people has been asked if they'd be agree
to pay a bit more for sustainable economy.

1236
01:35:59,228 --> 01:36:09,786
In texas! Very few people wanted to pay more. And
they made tests with random people who have been

1237
01:36:10,074 --> 01:36:17,302
informed with all the data, and they saw that
the people ready to pay more has greatly increased.

1238
01:36:17,671 --> 01:36:24,555
Today, Texas is the state that has the biggest
number of wind turbines in all USA!

1239
01:36:25,158 --> 01:36:35,823
That's amazing! If elected leaders had to decide
this issue, Texas would be still a fully oil based state!

1240
01:36:35,963 --> 01:36:43,355
I personally dream about a Belgian chamber having elected
citizens, and the Senate having drawn by lot citizens.

1241
01:36:43,741 --> 01:36:50,244
Citizens involving and serving society and democracy, every
day, this is exactly what we saw in the other side of the world,

1242
01:36:50,344 --> 01:36:56,020
near Chennai. Since 1950, India has become
the biggest democracy in the world. We knew

1243
01:36:56,120 --> 01:37:00,697
there were still problems of corruption,
inequalities, caste system, but we've heard

1244
01:37:01,083 --> 01:37:05,671
also about a local democracy experiment
that was revolutionary, in Kuthambakkan.

1245
01:37:06,655 --> 01:37:12,391
This story gathered highly unlikely ingredients,
starting with Elango, an untouchable, considered

1246
01:37:12,538 --> 01:37:16,397
as dirt when he was a child, nonetheless made
advanced studies, become a chemist,

1247
01:37:16,831 --> 01:37:20,936
succed to get elected mayor, and doesn't
even try to keep all the power for himself.

1248
01:37:21,036 --> 01:37:25,117
The story goes on with inhabitants that in theory
don't talk to each other, don't touch each other,

1249
01:37:25,491 --> 01:37:28,921
and get together to form a citizens assembly
to take decisions.

1250
01:37:29,011 --> 01:37:31,141
Today, with local governments,

1251
01:37:31,347 --> 01:37:34,517
 decentralized democracy is stronger.

1252
01:37:34,725 --> 01:37:36,765
We vote, we rule.

1253
01:37:37,102 --> 01:37:40,192
We vote, we participate in the citizens' assemblies.

1254
01:37:40,356 --> 01:37:44,776
During these meetings, we elect
the President of the Municipal Council

1255
01:37:44,944 --> 01:37:48,574
and all other members.
Everyone attends the meetings.

1256
01:37:48,822 --> 01:37:52,242
Each voter has the right to come to meetings

1257
01:37:52,409 --> 01:37:55,999
to see what the board does, what is its program.

1258
01:37:56,163 --> 01:37:57,923
One can even control.

1259
01:37:58,082 --> 01:38:00,002
Villagers can say:

1260
01:38:00,167 --> 01:38:02,797
"Do not do that, but first that."

1261
01:38:02,962 --> 01:38:05,132
The priorities of the people are heard.

1262
01:38:10,427 --> 01:38:14,387
When I presented my plan
at the meeting,

1263
01:38:14,557 --> 01:38:18,057
 every line, every orientation
were discussed together.

1264
01:38:18,936 --> 01:38:21,146
It became the project of the inhabitants.

1265
01:38:21,313 --> 01:38:24,023
They watch you,
they correct you,

1266
01:38:24,358 --> 01:38:26,188
then they participate.

1267
01:38:26,639 --> 01:38:30,552
Once the programm adopted, everybody
gets to work to concretize it.

1268
01:38:31,652 --> 01:38:39,172
Inhabitants clean the town, the city provides trash cans,
public lightning, rain collect system, the school is fixed,

1269
01:38:39,460 --> 01:38:43,530
the families are encouraged to send the children
to this school, and when 40% of them weren't

1270
01:38:43,630 --> 01:38:47,082
attending class, almost all are going now everyday.

1271
01:38:57,760 --> 01:39:02,345
Elango raises funds to create jobs that
can now benefits from hundreds of women,

1272
01:39:02,735 --> 01:39:08,696
who quickly create a federation and with their pay
they set up a micro-credit system to lend money

1273
01:39:08,960 --> 01:39:11,730
to other women who whish to create their
own business.

1274
01:39:13,991 --> 01:39:16,201
Meetings are the parliament of the people.

1275
01:39:16,535 --> 01:39:19,285
If the next takes place within 3 months,

1276
01:39:19,496 --> 01:39:22,166
 and we did move things forward,

1277
01:39:22,374 --> 01:39:24,674
 on the next meeting, people will say:

1278
01:39:24,835 --> 01:39:27,875
"Yes, we talked about it at the last meeting,

1279
01:39:28,047 --> 01:39:30,667
 and it's already 30%.
Fantastic !"

1280
01:39:30,841 --> 01:39:33,091
Then there is more support

1281
01:39:33,260 --> 01:39:36,140
and confidence in the system grows.

1282
01:39:37,271 --> 01:39:43,257
The inhabitants go for an even more ambitious
project : to renovate the slums where live the untouchables

1283
01:39:43,672 --> 01:39:45,868
and where the other cast members never set foot.

1284
01:39:46,148 --> 01:39:49,438
Here is another part of the village,

1285
01:39:49,610 --> 01:39:51,280
Kuthambakkam Nord.

1286
01:39:51,612 --> 01:39:53,822
Before I was elected in 1996,

1287
01:39:53,989 --> 01:39:59,239
 it was a slum with open sewers

1288
01:39:59,578 --> 01:40:01,828
 and a terrible problem of space.

1289
01:40:02,247 --> 01:40:05,167
Now, 10 years later, it changed a lot.

1290
01:40:05,248 --> 01:40:11,489
And here again, everybody helps. Even the high casts members.
And after a few months, 150 houses in ecological local material

1291
01:40:11,489 --> 01:40:18,598
are built! The untouchables dig the drains of the district,
fix the roads and the wells of the town, and permit

1292
01:40:18,871 --> 01:40:21,323
the town to save 31 000 euros.

1293
01:40:41,412 --> 01:40:43,752
Usually, when we create a township,

1294
01:40:43,914 --> 01:40:46,214
you have a section reserved for upper castes,

1295
01:40:46,375 --> 01:40:48,495
and one for the lower castes.

1296
01:40:49,461 --> 01:40:52,131
I thought :
why not create a township

1297
01:40:52,548 --> 01:40:55,258
where all the poor live together?

1298
01:40:55,634 --> 01:40:58,894
I brought this matter to the citizens' assembly,

1299
01:40:59,388 --> 01:41:02,518
and most poor accepted.

1300
01:41:03,142 --> 01:41:07,352
We started an experiment by
building semi-detached houses:

1301
01:41:07,688 --> 01:41:10,518
on one side, an untouchable poor family,

1302
01:41:10,691 --> 01:41:13,241
the other, a poor family of another caste.

1303
01:41:13,569 --> 01:41:17,239
It is historic and it happened here first.

1304
01:41:17,448 --> 01:41:19,448
And if you look:

1305
01:41:19,616 --> 01:41:22,366
it is an untouchable family
and them not.

1306
01:41:22,619 --> 01:41:25,369
They are really mixed.

1307
01:41:25,914 --> 01:41:28,214
It is a beautiful ideal, live together.

1308
01:41:29,710 --> 01:41:31,750
We are Brahmins.

1309
01:41:31,920 --> 01:41:36,470
But we live with our neighbors
untouchable as a family.

1310
01:41:37,259 --> 01:41:39,469
I never thought it possible.

1311
01:41:39,636 --> 01:41:43,466
We are very happy here.
There is no difference.

1312
01:41:44,349 --> 01:41:47,349
Everyone came to the wedding of our daughter.

1313
01:41:47,519 --> 01:41:51,859
Our whole family was very happy to share this moment.

1314
01:41:52,024 --> 01:41:55,904
Ailleurs, on ne vit pas ainsi,
toutes les castes ensemble.

1315
01:42:01,950 --> 01:42:04,240
Seeing this, the government

1316
01:42:04,620 --> 01:42:08,080
has funded more than 300 similar

1317
01:42:08,665 --> 01:42:10,075
districts in the state.

1318
01:42:12,480 --> 01:42:16,119
After 2 mandates, Elongo leaves the city hall,
and creates the mayor academy.

1319
01:42:17,060 --> 01:42:21,335
In 10 years, he taught to 900 elected members
the principe of the citizens self-governance.

1320
01:42:21,639 --> 01:42:25,410
His idea is to create the republic of towns
like Gandhi dreamt up, and where there's

1321
01:42:25,455 --> 01:42:27,232
a strong democracy, starting at the lowest level.

1322
01:42:27,275 --> 01:42:29,005
- There are how many toilets?
- 900.

1323
01:42:29,061 --> 01:42:30,401
It takes even how much?

1324
01:42:30,562 --> 01:42:34,822
The village has 18,000 to 20,000 residents.

1325
01:42:34,983 --> 01:42:39,663
We need more toilets.

1326
01:42:41,532 --> 01:42:46,622
When citizens have power,
they are building a true democracy.

1327
01:43:05,134 --> 01:43:08,843
In fact, we always have the feeling that politic
is a matter of politicians, that we only vote,

1328
01:43:08,895 --> 01:43:13,729
but that's a mystake, everyone should make politics
all the time, be aware of what happens, get involve

1329
01:43:13,744 --> 01:43:19,249
in the decisions taken, be more autonomous,
and that's something we should learn as a child,

1330
01:43:19,322 --> 01:43:23,409
we should learn it at school! ... Oh! i know what's next!
- EDUCATION -

1331
01:43:31,053 --> 01:43:35,799
To educate their generations of citizens, that's
undoubtedly what Scandinavian countries

1332
01:43:36,202 --> 01:43:41,390
that are always in the top ten for their
social, democratic and ecological systems.

1333
01:43:42,636 --> 01:43:47,969
Amongst them, Finland, since 2009, is well ahead
in the pisa rankings which evaluates the educational

1334
01:43:48,069 --> 01:43:54,623
systems of the OECD. In 2012, it was still in the first
european place in science and reading, and in 4th

1335
01:43:54,867 --> 01:43:59,534
place in mathematics. So we spent 3 days
in a public school in a working class suburb

1336
01:43:59,887 --> 01:44:04,946
of Helsinki, which welcomes 530 students
from 6 to 16. The Kirkkojärvi school.

1337
01:44:07,034 --> 01:44:09,494
It's a beautiful school.
Everything looks new.

1338
01:44:09,661 --> 01:44:11,001
From when she dates?

1339
01:44:11,538 --> 01:44:14,118
This building is 4 years old,

1340
01:44:14,291 --> 01:44:15,961
it was built in 2010.

1341
01:44:16,126 --> 01:44:19,206
It's normal to have such beautiful buildings?

1342
01:44:19,379 --> 01:44:24,129
When building a new school,
we always want to do the best.

1343
01:44:24,927 --> 01:44:28,597
We are located in a relatively poor area,

1344
01:44:28,764 --> 01:44:31,524
and it is good that the company has held

1345
01:44:31,975 --> 01:44:35,345
in well show the importance of education.

1346
01:44:35,520 --> 01:44:38,940
It's like a gift to the people here.

1347
01:44:39,107 --> 01:44:41,437
In Finland, there is little wealth,

1348
01:44:41,610 --> 01:44:43,450
we have forests, wood.

1349
01:44:43,612 --> 01:44:46,662
We have no mines, no gold, no oil ...

1350
01:44:47,407 --> 01:44:48,907
Our strength

1351
01:44:49,076 --> 01:44:50,786
 is an excellent education.

1352
01:44:51,078 --> 01:44:53,538
How would you describe
your education system?

1353
01:44:53,830 --> 01:44:56,170
Very little bureaucracy.

1354
01:44:56,917 --> 01:44:58,167
The key word is trust.

1355
01:44:58,919 --> 01:45:02,129
The department relies on local authorities,

1356
01:45:02,297 --> 01:45:04,967
who trust the headmaster,

1357
01:45:05,133 --> 01:45:08,683
who trusted the teachers.
There was no inspection.

1358
01:45:09,054 --> 01:45:11,014
No national ranking,

1359
01:45:11,431 --> 01:45:14,691
as in so many countries where
schools are compared with each ...

1360
01:45:15,352 --> 01:45:17,352
There was no evaluation.

1361
01:45:17,521 --> 01:45:21,651
Not Sorted?
No: "This school is better"?

1362
01:45:25,362 --> 01:45:28,572
We devote our time to teach,
not to evaluate.

1363
01:45:29,157 --> 01:45:31,737
The bottom line is to train teachers.

1364
01:45:32,202 --> 01:45:36,582
In Finland, they do everything
a master of 5 years at the university.

1365
01:45:36,999 --> 01:45:39,459
They form in schools,

1366
01:45:39,626 --> 01:45:42,706
they train with real classes.

1367
01:45:44,965 --> 01:45:47,465
They discover many pedagogies.

1368
01:45:47,634 --> 01:45:51,354
We at Montessori, Steiner, everywhere.

1369
01:45:51,513 --> 01:45:55,273
And they study thoroughly the child psychology.

1370
01:45:56,351 --> 01:45:59,441
We want to give them many models,

1371
01:45:59,604 --> 01:46:01,024
many ideas,

1372
01:46:01,606 --> 01:46:04,686
a real perception of the ability
of children to learn,

1373
01:46:05,235 --> 01:46:07,735
difficulties it may encounter.

1374
01:46:10,365 --> 01:46:12,405
And, of course, individual cases

1375
01:46:12,576 --> 01:46:14,906
 are followed by an additional teacher.

1376
01:46:18,016 --> 01:46:23,292
In most of the classes, there are assistant teachers
for the students in difficulty, for the ones who don't

1377
01:46:23,292 --> 01:46:26,926
speak well Finnish, or just to have
a specialized teaching. At Kirkkojärvi,

1378
01:46:26,996 --> 01:46:29,593
50% of the students are of foreign origin.

1379
01:46:32,971 --> 01:46:34,971
I love my job.

1380
01:46:35,432 --> 01:46:37,272
What, in particular?

1381
01:46:37,476 --> 01:46:40,646
Having a good relationship with the students,

1382
01:46:40,812 --> 01:46:43,572
become close, so they gain confidence.

1383
01:46:43,815 --> 01:46:44,975
It feels good.

1384
01:46:45,150 --> 01:46:46,740
I love being with them.

1385
01:46:46,902 --> 01:46:48,362
Yes I like that.

1386
01:46:52,574 --> 01:46:55,704
It's important to feel good in class.

1387
01:46:56,495 --> 01:46:59,155
If the atmosphere is very strict, it worries

1388
01:46:59,331 --> 01:47:01,921
them and they can no longer concentrate.

1389
01:47:05,420 --> 01:47:06,920
What is the difference

1390
01:47:07,089 --> 01:47:11,299
between education in the past
and what you do now?

1391
01:47:11,968 --> 01:47:15,508
Before, they were 40 per class

1392
01:47:15,889 --> 01:47:18,679
 and they sat in silence as pegs,

1393
01:47:18,934 --> 01:47:21,774
not to get noticed ...

1394
01:47:21,937 --> 01:47:25,227
And the professor made his course to the class.

1395
01:47:25,732 --> 01:47:26,732
Today,

1396
01:47:27,442 --> 01:47:28,902
we can circulate,

1397
01:47:29,653 --> 01:47:33,493
 students have the right to speak for math,
 for example,

1398
01:47:33,657 --> 01:47:36,117
they have the right to exchange

1399
01:47:36,284 --> 01:47:39,294
 not too much, of course, easy.

1400
01:47:40,122 --> 01:47:44,172
It increases their confidence in themselves.

1401
01:47:44,334 --> 01:47:47,594
That being so enriched them with others,

1402
01:47:48,213 --> 01:47:50,303
and learn from each other.

1403
01:47:50,465 --> 01:47:54,005
They also learn that the teacher
is not an authority,

1404
01:47:54,511 --> 01:47:56,641
not some god but ...

1405
01:47:56,930 --> 01:48:00,270
but we're all the same, equal ...
this stuff.

1406
01:48:00,433 --> 01:48:03,523
This is freer, more open, more ...

1407
01:48:04,354 --> 01:48:07,904
social.
Living together,

1408
01:48:08,066 --> 01:48:09,726
is important in life.

1409
01:48:10,235 --> 01:48:12,985
Not just the materials.
They have, of course.

1410
01:48:13,530 --> 01:48:15,530
CP, when learning to read,

1411
01:48:16,741 --> 01:48:20,001
some begin with the letters and combine them,

1412
01:48:20,579 --> 01:48:22,539
others by the words

1413
01:48:22,706 --> 01:48:25,416
and they dismounted, somehow.

1414
01:48:25,709 --> 01:48:28,499
You teach reading in several ways?

1415
01:48:29,171 --> 01:48:32,381
I use several methods

1416
01:48:32,549 --> 01:48:36,509
to provide opportunities to each student.

1417
01:48:36,678 --> 01:48:38,348
They always end up learning.

1418
01:48:38,513 --> 01:48:42,483
Some quickly, others less,
but they will eventually learn,

1419
01:48:42,934 --> 01:48:45,194
whatever the method.

1420
01:48:45,520 --> 01:48:49,020
There is not a good method,
there are many.

1421
01:48:49,191 --> 01:48:51,321
In my time, there was only one,

1422
01:48:51,568 --> 01:48:53,948
it is no longer so today ...

1423
01:48:54,446 --> 01:48:57,526
I have learned!
So everything should work.

1424
01:48:57,782 --> 01:49:02,002
All students are different
and we try to take reflect the fact

1425
01:49:02,329 --> 01:49:05,209
that not all learn the same way.

1426
01:49:15,981 --> 01:49:20,681
Thanks to this way of working, young Finns
are very successfull in traditional subjects,

1427
01:49:20,707 --> 01:49:25,457
even though they study on average 1h30 less
than french students. This makes 2000 hours less,

1428
01:49:25,808 --> 01:49:31,406
between the age of 7 and 15 years. But the goal
is mostly to teach them how to learn, to make them

1429
01:49:31,781 --> 01:49:37,241
more independent. The knowledge today is available
everywhere, but Carry and her crew help each of them

1430
01:49:37,341 --> 01:49:42,519
to draw on this mass of knowledge and
to find a good way to acquire what they

1431
01:49:42,519 --> 01:49:44,392
will need for their future lives.

1432
01:49:47,332 --> 01:49:49,882
The teachers eat with the children.

1433
01:49:50,043 --> 01:49:51,673
It's part of the job.

1434
01:49:51,836 --> 01:49:53,836
It is an educational moment.

1435
01:49:54,297 --> 01:49:58,797
They are together, it's fun,
they teach them good manners.

1436
01:49:58,969 --> 01:50:01,809
it is a moment of relaxation

1437
01:50:02,347 --> 01:50:04,137
for children and for teachers.

1438
01:50:05,267 --> 01:50:08,347
In France, being so close,

1439
01:50:08,520 --> 01:50:11,480
we fear losing all authority ...

1440
01:50:12,148 --> 01:50:15,528
The authority comes from many things.

1441
01:50:16,111 --> 01:50:19,701
It comes from the skill in his craft,

1442
01:50:21,408 --> 01:50:22,368
and respect.

1443
01:50:22,617 --> 01:50:25,617
Not need a title for it.

1444
01:50:26,079 --> 01:50:29,919
This proximity does not create discipline problems?

1445
01:50:30,208 --> 01:50:31,418
The reason is not there.

1446
01:50:31,626 --> 01:50:33,166
We have problems,

1447
01:50:33,420 --> 01:50:35,460
 comme toutes les écoles du monde.

1448
01:50:35,797 --> 01:50:38,087
But being closer,

1449
01:50:38,258 --> 01:50:39,928
it's easier.

1450
01:50:41,136 --> 01:50:43,596
They do not want us stories

1451
01:50:43,763 --> 01:50:46,223
 we're friends, they see they want to help.

1452
01:50:47,517 --> 01:50:49,057
Its not always easy,

1453
01:50:50,228 --> 01:50:52,558
but the punishments, it does not help.

1454
01:50:53,356 --> 01:50:57,066
Reason, reassure them,

1455
01:50:58,111 --> 01:51:01,951
 listen to them, let them make decisions,

1456
01:51:02,240 --> 01:51:04,990
 is how to encourage them to cooperate.

1457
01:51:05,925 --> 01:51:09,057
Between 7 and 16 years, everything
is free for the Finnish students :

1458
01:51:09,057 --> 01:51:11,924
books, healthcares and even the cafeteria...

1459
01:51:35,350 --> 01:51:40,919
Young Finns not only learn math, Finnish
and history, but also to knit, to sew,

1460
01:51:41,218 --> 01:51:48,951
to make clothes, wood, metal, leather-working,
to build things, to do the laundry, to tidy, to clean,

1461
01:51:49,019 --> 01:51:53,047
to cook, to draw, to paint, to play instruments...

1462
01:51:55,710 --> 01:51:58,550
Was it already and when you were little?

1463
01:51:58,755 --> 01:52:02,375
No, the system was changed in the early 70s.

1464
01:52:03,510 --> 01:52:05,760
This is a very slow process.

1465
01:52:05,929 --> 01:52:07,809
When we want to change school,

1466
01:52:07,972 --> 01:52:09,932
it takes 10, 20 years.

1467
01:52:10,642 --> 01:52:12,272
How did you get here?

1468
01:52:12,435 --> 01:52:15,475
In Finland, it is not a political issue.

1469
01:52:16,356 --> 01:52:19,686
After the elections,
when governments change,

1470
01:52:19,901 --> 01:52:22,241
no messes education.

1471
01:52:22,904 --> 01:52:25,664
Every 6 years, we change programs

1472
01:52:25,824 --> 01:52:27,744
and is always by mutual agreement.

1473
01:52:29,452 --> 01:52:31,582
What is the goal of the school for you?

1474
01:52:31,871 --> 01:52:34,331
Prepare for life as a result.

1475
01:52:34,833 --> 01:52:37,963
We give them the basics, general education,

1476
01:52:38,169 --> 01:52:40,259
 so that they can feel

1477
01:52:40,422 --> 01:52:44,382
they are rather manuals or rather intellectuals.

1478
01:52:44,676 --> 01:52:47,466
As humans, what will they need,

1479
01:52:47,637 --> 01:52:49,887
what are you trying to teach them?

1480
01:52:50,056 --> 01:52:51,306
Tolerance,

1481
01:52:51,724 --> 01:52:53,184
not racial ideas,

1482
01:52:53,977 --> 01:52:57,897
understand the difference,
understand that everyone is important,

1483
01:52:58,064 --> 01:53:01,074
some need help, to love each other ...

1484
01:53:01,234 --> 01:53:05,414
I hope they take it with them
when they leave school.

1485
01:53:07,010 --> 01:53:12,019
Maybe everything was all about that,
to get the people to work together...

1486
01:53:13,445 --> 01:53:17,502
There probably aren't perfect schools, nor
perfect democratic or economic models,

1487
01:53:18,100 --> 01:53:23,058
but what seems to have emerged from our trip,
is a new vision of the world, where power

1488
01:53:23,158 --> 01:53:27,042
and authority are not concentrated in just a few hands,
on the top of a pyramid, but where everything is

1489
01:53:27,142 --> 01:53:32,535
connected, mutually dependent, in a network,
like in nature, a more complex world,

1490
01:53:32,753 --> 01:53:38,500
where diversity is our true strength, where each person,
each community is more independent, to be more free,

1491
01:53:38,547 --> 01:53:44,588
where each one has more power, and more responsability,
a bit like a cell from our body, that needs to be healthy

1492
01:53:44,962 --> 01:53:47,384
in order to have the full body working, but
depends too upon all the other ones.

1493
01:53:47,931 --> 01:53:51,489
Those persons are writing a new story,
they're telling us that it's not too late,

1494
01:53:51,690 --> 01:53:55,472
but that we have to take action, now.

1495
01:54:10,972 --> 01:54:17,817
All these people are not alone, we've filmed a very few
minority of all those who are building another future.

1496
01:54:19,442 --> 01:54:21,999
There is in the world :

1497
01:54:22,099 --> 01:54:25,249
more than 1200 TRANSITION TOWNS

1498
01:54:30,627 --> 01:54:35,181
more than 800 AMAZING EDIBLE groups

1499
01:54:39,921 --> 01:54:43,341
thousands of URBAN FARMS

1500
01:54:43,516 --> 01:54:46,092
4000 COMPLEMENTARY currencies

1501
01:54:50,223 --> 01:54:52,323
one 100% ORGANIC country (Bhutan)

1502
01:54:52,836 --> 01:54:55,581
other countries soon
RENEWABLE ENERGY independent.

1503
01:54:55,804 --> 01:54:58,271
a 19 yo boy who invented a machine
TO CLEAN THE OCEANS

1504
01:54:58,461 --> 01:55:00,443
engineers who create
COMPRESSED AIR MOTORS

1505
01:55:00,625 --> 01:55:02,707
millions of people who SHARE
instead of buying

1506
01:55:02,750 --> 01:55:04,907
houses that produce MORE ENERGY
than what they consume.

1507
01:55:04,991 --> 01:55:07,424
And millions of other who
PLANT TREES

1508
01:55:07,459 --> 01:55:09,040
and spread compost
TO CAPTURE CO2

1509
01:55:25,564 --> 01:55:28,169
Of course, we won't be able to promise
to our children that the world will change

1510
01:55:28,169 --> 01:55:31,905
drastically in a blink of an eye, but what we can
promise is that solutions exist!

1511
01:55:32,171 --> 01:55:36,271
Promise that thousands of men and women
are raising everyday,

1512
01:55:36,271 --> 01:55:43,351
Promise that if we use all our energy, if we get together,
we all have the power to change the world... TOMORROW!

1513
01:55:44,400 --> 01:55:48,151
TOMORROW

1514
01:55:49,480 --> 01:55:55,706
Join the movement
find indeas to take action

1515
01:56:49,541 --> 01:56:54,346
Thank you to 10 266 persons from all
horizon through KissKissBankBank

1516
01:57:17,796 --> 01:57:22,446
THANK YOU

1517
01:59:29,789 --> 01:59:32,379
Subtitles: Cyril Dion and Paul Benita

1518
01:59:32,542 --> 01:59:35,002
Subtitles: Monal Group